Ambrose of Milan (father · c. 339–397)	Roman governor acclaimed bishop of Milan in 374 while still a catechumen, and a Doctor of the Church; he baptized Augustine in 387. His Exposition of the Gospel of Luke, On Virgins, On the Holy Spirit, On the Mysteries and the hymns he introduced shaped the Latin West. He is the first Latin Father to call Mary a type of the Church, and he defended her perpetual virginity at length. The chain quotes him above all on Luke's infancy narrative.	catena::core-authorities
Aphrahat (father · c. 280–345)	The "Persian Sage", the earliest of the Syriac Fathers, writing in the Sasanian empire outside the Roman world. His twenty-three Demonstrations (337–345) treat faith, love, fasting, prayer, the "sons of the covenant" who lived in celibacy, and the Church's claim to the promises made to Israel, all argued from Scripture without the vocabulary of Nicaea. The chain quotes him as a witness to the Semitic Christianity that stayed closest to the Bible's own idiom.	catena::core-authorities
Athanasius of Alexandria (father · c. 296–373)	Deacon at the Council of Nicaea in 325, bishop of Alexandria from 328 and exiled five times for defending the Son's full divinity against the Arians. On the Incarnation of the Word, the Orations Against the Arians, the Life of Antony and the Festal Letters (the letter of 367 gives the first complete list of the New Testament canon) are his chief works. He calls Mary Theotokos as a matter of course and holds her up to the virgins of Alexandria as the model of their life.	catena::core-authorities
Augustine of Hippo (father · 354–430)	Rhetorician from Thagaste in North Africa, converted in Milan under Ambrose in 386, bishop of Hippo from 395 and the most influential of the Latin Fathers. The Confessions, City of God, On the Trinity, the Enchiridion, the Tractates on John, the Expositions on the Psalms and hundreds of sermons come from him, and his controversy with Pelagius fixed the Western doctrine of original sin and grace. On Mary he holds that she conceived Christ in faith before she conceived him in the flesh, that she remained a virgin, and that "for the honour of the Lord" he will not raise the question of sin where she is concerned.	catena::core-authorities
Basil the Great (father · c. 330–379)	Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370, brother of Gregory of Nyssa and friend of Gregory of Nazianzus, and a Doctor of the Church. On the Holy Spirit secured the Spirit's divinity in the language later used at Constantinople in 381; the Hexaemeron homilies, the monastic rules and some 360 letters show the pastor and organizer. A homily on the Nativity attributed to him states that Mary remained a virgin after Christ's birth.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict XVI (pope · 2005–2013)	Joseph Ratzinger, theologian of the Council and prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith; he resigned in 2013, the first pope to do so since Gregory XII.	catena::core-authorities
Council of Chalcedon (451) (council · 451)	The fourth ecumenical council, called by the emperor Marcian and attended by some 520 bishops, which condemned Eutyches and accepted the Tome of Leo. Its definition confesses one Christ in two natures "without confusion, change, division or separation", and names Mary Theotokos "as to his manhood", restating Ephesus in the balance the Church has kept since. The churches that refused it, among them Severus of Antioch's, still shared its faith about Mary. Its own texts are on this site in Henry R. Percival's 1900 translation.	catena::core-authorities
Council of Ephesus (431) (council · 431)	The third ecumenical council, called under Theodosius II and led by Cyril of Alexandria. It condemned Nestorius and affirmed that Mary is rightly called Theotokos, because the one born of her is the Word of God made flesh. Its own texts are on this site in Henry R. Percival's 1900 translation.	catena::core-authorities
Cyril of Jerusalem (father · c. 313–386)	Bishop of Jerusalem from about 350, exiled three times in the Arian disputes, and a Doctor of the Church since 1882. His Catechetical Lectures, delivered in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to candidates for baptism, are the fullest surviving picture of fourth-century instruction: the creed article by article, then the mysteries of baptism, chrism and the Eucharist. The chain quotes the lectures on the virgin birth and on the Spirit.	catena::core-authorities
Ephrem the Syrian (father · c. 306–373)	Deacon of Nisibis and, after the city passed to Persia in 363, of Edessa; the greatest poet of the Syriac Church and a Doctor of the Church since 1920. His hymns (madrashe) on the Nativity, on Paradise, on Virginity, on Faith and the Nisibene Hymns, with the Commentary on the Diatessaron, teach by image and paradox rather than definition. He sings of Mary as the second Eve, the closed door and the ark, and of her purity in terms the later doctrine would make explicit.	catena::core-authorities
Epiphanius of Salamis (father · c. 315–403)	Palestinian monk, bishop of Salamis in Cyprus from 367 and a tireless hunter of heresies. His Panarion (Medicine Chest) describes and refutes eighty heresies, among them the Antidicomarianites who denied Mary's perpetual virginity and the Collyridians who offered her cakes as to a goddess, and it records that Scripture says nothing of how her life ended. The chain quotes him for the perpetual virginity and for the earliest reflection on Mary's death.	catena::core-authorities
Eusebius of Caesarea (father · c. 260–339)	Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine from about 313, heir to Origen's library through his teacher Pamphilus, and the father of Church history. The Ecclesiastical History, carried down to 324, the Chronicle, the Preparation and Demonstration of the Gospel and the Life of Constantine preserve extracts from Papias, Hegesippus and many lost writers. The chain relies on him for what the second century remembered about James, the relatives of Jesus and the Jerusalem church.	catena::core-authorities
Gregory of Nazianzus (father · c. 329–390)	Cappadocian friend of Basil, briefly bishop of Sasima, then of Constantinople, where he presided for a time over the council of 381; called "the Theologian" and a Doctor of the Church. The Five Theological Orations set out the doctrine of the Trinity in its classic form, and his letters to Cledonius state that "whoever does not believe that holy Mary is Theotokos is cut off from the Godhead". The chain quotes him for that sentence and for the incarnation as the healing of the whole human nature.	catena::core-authorities
Gregory of Nyssa (father · c. 335–395)	Younger brother of Basil, bishop of Nyssa from 372 and the most philosophical of the Cappadocians. Against Eunomius, the Great Catechism, On the Making of Man, On the Soul and the Resurrection, the Life of Moses and the homilies on the Song of Songs describe the soul's endless ascent into God. His homily on the Nativity records the tradition that Mary had vowed her virginity before the Annunciation, which is why she asks the angel "how shall this be?".	catena::core-authorities
Hegesippus (father · 2nd c.)	A Christian writer of the second century, probably of Jewish birth and from Palestine, who travelled to Rome under Pope Anicetus (c. 155–166) and set down five books of Memoirs on the apostolic tradition. The books are lost, but Eusebius preserves his accounts of the martyrdom of James the brother of the Lord, of Symeon son of Clopas, and of the grandsons of Jude brought before Domitian. The chain uses him for the earliest evidence about the "brothers of the Lord" and their family.	catena::core-authorities
Hippolytus of Rome (father · c. 170–235)	Presbyter and theologian at Rome, a rigorist critic of Pope Callistus, deported to Sardinia with Pope Pontian in 235 and honoured as a martyr. His Commentary on Daniel is the oldest Christian commentary to survive, and the Refutation of All Heresies, On Christ and Antichrist and the fragments on Genesis, Proverbs and the Psalms show the exegete; the Apostolic Tradition is attributed to him. The chain quotes his reading of the ark of incorruptible wood as Christ's incorrupt flesh taken from the Virgin.	catena::core-authorities
Irenaeus of Lyons (father · c. 130–202)	Bishop of Lyons, disciple of Polycarp, who had known the apostle John. His Against Heresies is the first great synthesis of Christian teaching, and his Eve–Mary parallel ("the knot of Eve's disobedience was loosed by the obedience of Mary") is the root of the New Eve tradition.	catena::core-authorities
Jacob of Serug (father · c. 451–521)	Syriac poet-theologian called the "flute of the Holy Spirit", a chorepiscopus for most of his life and bishop of Batnan in Serug from 519. Several hundred metrical homilies (memre) survive, among them homilies on the Mother of God, on her virginity and on her burial, which are among the earliest full witnesses to the Dormition tradition. His Christology leaned toward the miaphysite side, but his homilies were read across the Syriac churches.	catena::core-authorities
Jerome (father · c. 347–420)	Born at Stridon in Dalmatia, secretary to Pope Damasus in Rome (382–385), then settled in Bethlehem from 386, where he translated the Bible into the Latin that became the Vulgate; a Doctor of the Church. Against Helvidius (383) is the classic defence of Mary's perpetual virginity, arguing that the "brothers of the Lord" are cousins, and his commentaries on Matthew and the prophets, the letters (Letter 22 to Eustochium on virginity) and Against Jovinian fill out the picture. The chain quotes him wherever the Hebrew text or the "brothers" are in question.	catena::core-authorities
John Chrysostom (father · c. 347–407)	Priest and preacher of Antioch from 386, patriarch of Constantinople from 398, deposed and exiled by court and episcopal enemies, and dead on the road in 407; "golden-mouthed", and a Doctor of the Church. His homilies on Matthew, John, Romans, Corinthians and Hebrews are the largest body of Greek biblical exposition to survive, plain in method and moral in aim. The Catena Aurea quotes him more than any other Greek Father, and the chain follows his readings of Cana and of the Annunciation.	catena::core-authorities
John Damascene (father · c. 675–749)	Monk of Mar Saba near Jerusalem, writing under Muslim rule, and a Doctor of the Church since 1890. The Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, the last part of his Fount of Knowledge, sums up the Greek Fathers and served Aquinas as a handbook; the three treatises against the iconoclasts defended the veneration of images. His homilies on the Nativity of Mary and the three on her Dormition are the clearest patristic statement of the Assumption, and the chain quotes them at length.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John Paul II (pope · 1978–2005)	Karol Wojtyła, the first Polish pope; he promulgated the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992), wrote fourteen encyclicals, and was canonised in 2014.	catena::core-authorities
Justin Martyr (father · c. 100–165)	Philosopher from Flavia Neapolis in Samaria who found in Christ the true philosophy, taught in Rome and was beheaded there about 165. The two Apologies address the emperor, and the Dialogue with Trypho argues with a learned Jew over the Scriptures, defending the virgin birth from Isaiah 7:14 and reading the Old Testament as a book about Christ. He is the first to set the obedient Virgin against the disobedient Eve, the parallel Irenaeus would develop.	catena::core-authorities
Leo the Great (father · pope 440–461)	Pope from 440 to 461, the first pope called "the Great" and a Doctor of the Church, who met Attila outside Rome in 452. His Tome to Flavian (449) was acclaimed at Chalcedon as the faith of Peter: one Christ in two natures, each keeping its properties. In the sermons for Christmas and the Annunciation he insists that the Virgin conceived, gave birth and remained a virgin, and that the flesh of Christ is truly hers.	catena::core-authorities
Modestus of Jerusalem (father · d. 634)	Abbot of the monastery of Theodosius who governed the Church of Jerusalem after the Persian sack of 614, rebuilt its ruined churches, and was patriarch from 632 until his death. An Encomium on the Dormition transmitted under his name is one of the earliest homilies to teach that Mary's body was preserved from corruption and taken to her Son; its authenticity has been questioned, but it belongs to the Jerusalem tradition of the seventh century.	catena::core-authorities
Oecumenius (father · 6th c.)	Author of the earliest surviving Greek commentary on Revelation, written about the middle of the sixth century, and the first commentator to read the woman clothed with the sun in Revelation 12 as the Mother of God. His name was later attached to tenth-century catena commentaries on Acts and the epistles, which is how the medieval catenae cite him. The chain uses him for Revelation 12.	catena::core-authorities
Origen (father · c. 185–254)	Alexandrian teacher who succeeded Clement, moved to Caesarea in 231 and died after torture in the persecution of Decius; the most learned and prolific writer of the early Church. The Hexapla, On First Principles, Against Celsus and homilies and commentaries on most of Scripture set the pattern for spiritual exegesis, though some of his speculations were condemned in 553. According to Socrates he already used the title Theotokos; his Homilies on Luke treat Mary's faith and the sword of Simeon, and the Commentary on John says no one understands that Gospel who has not, like John, received Mary as his own mother.	catena::core-authorities
Paschasius Radbertus (medieval · c. 785–865)	Monk and abbot of Corbie in Picardy, the first theologian to write a whole treatise on the Eucharist (On the Body and Blood of the Lord). His Cogitis me, a letter on the Assumption issued under Jerome's name, shaped how the Latin Middle Ages spoke of Mary's end, and On the Virgin Birth defended her virginity in childbirth; he also commented on Matthew and Lamentations. The chain quotes him for the Assumption debate.	catena::core-authorities
Second Council of Constantinople (553) (council · 553)	The fifth ecumenical council, called by Justinian to condemn the "Three Chapters" (Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret's writings against Cyril and the letter of Ibas) and to read Chalcedon in Cyril's terms; anathemas against Origenism are associated with it. Its anathemas speak of "the holy, glorious, ever-virgin Mary, Mother of God", the first time an ecumenical council calls her aeiparthenos, and the chain cites it for the perpetual virginity as the faith of the universal Church. Its own texts are on this site in Henry R. Percival's 1900 translation.	catena::core-authorities
Severus of Antioch (father · c. 465–538)	Patriarch of Antioch from 512 to 518, deposed when Justin I restored Chalcedon, and the leading theologian of the miaphysite churches, whose 125 cathedral homilies, letters and hymns survive in Syriac. He rejected the Council of Chalcedon, but his homilies on the Mother of God honour her as Theotokos and ever-virgin in terms the whole East shared. The chain quotes him as a witness from outside the Chalcedonian communion.	catena::core-authorities
Sozomen (father · 5th c.)	Salamanes Hermeias Sozomenos, from a Christian family near Gaza, a lawyer in Constantinople who wrote an Ecclesiastical History from 324 to 425, dedicated to Theodosius II and built largely on Socrates. He is fuller than Socrates on the monks of Egypt and Palestine and on the churches of the East. The chain uses him for the fourth-century Church that received the councils.	catena::core-authorities
A Greek expositor (father)	An anonymous Greek commentator whose glosses reached Thomas Aquinas through the Byzantine catenae on the Gospels; the Catena Aurea cites him simply as "Græcus" or "the Greek expositor". Nothing is known of his name or date, and the material is late patristic or early Byzantine, often close to Cyril of Alexandria and Theophylact. The chain keeps him as a witness to how the Greek tradition read the Marian verses of Luke.	catena::core-authorities
Alcuin of York (medieval · c. 735–804)	Northumbrian scholar trained in the cathedral school of York, master of Charlemagne's palace school at Aachen from 782 and abbot of Saint Martin at Tours from 796. He drove the Carolingian revival of learning, corrected the text of the Latin Bible and wrote a commentary on the Gospel of John, letters, and school texts. Aquinas quotes his commentary on John in the Catena Aurea.	catena::core-authorities
Alexander of Alexandria (father · d. 328)	Bishop of Alexandria from 313, who excommunicated his presbyter Arius and carried the case to the Council of Nicaea, taking with him his deacon Athanasius, who succeeded him.	catena::core-authorities
Ambrosiaster (father · fl. 366–384)	The name given since Erasmus to the anonymous Roman author of a commentary on the thirteen epistles of Paul, written in Rome under Pope Damasus and long passed under Ambrose's name, together with the Questions on the Old and New Testament. He reads Paul with a lawyer's precision and preserves Old Latin readings older than the Vulgate. Aquinas and the medieval glosses cite him as "Ambrose".	catena::core-authorities
Amphilochius of Iconium (father · c. 340–after 394)	Cousin of Gregory of Nazianzus, friend of Basil, who dedicated On the Holy Spirit and his three canonical letters to him, and bishop of Iconium in Lycaonia from 373. He fought the Messalians and the Arians, sat at Constantinople in 381, and his Iambics to Seleucus end with a list of the books of Scripture that the canonical collections preserve.	catena::core-authorities
Anselm of Laon (medieval · d. 1117)	Master of the cathedral school of Laon, the leading theological school of northern France around 1100, and briefly the teacher of Peter Abelard. His school assembled the marginal and interlinear glosses on the Psalms, the Pauline epistles and the Gospels that grew into the Glossa Ordinaria, and the Catena Aurea often cites a gloss "according to Anselm". He is not the same man as Anselm of Canterbury.	catena::core-authorities
Bede (medieval · c. 673–735)	Monk of Wearmouth and Jarrow in Northumbria who never travelled far from his monastery, yet became the most learned man of his age; a Doctor of the Church since 1899. Besides the Ecclesiastical History of the English People he wrote commentaries on Luke, Mark, Acts and the Catholic epistles, and homilies on the Gospels, all compiled with care from the Fathers. Aquinas draws on him constantly for Luke and Mark in the Catena Aurea.	catena::core-authorities
Clement of Alexandria (father · c. 150–c. 215)	Head of the catechetical school of Alexandria and the teacher of Origen, a convert who set out to show the educated Greek that Christ is the true philosophy. The Exhortation to the Greeks, the Instructor and the Stromata (Miscellanies) form his great trilogy, with the homily Who is the Rich Man that is Saved? He is one of the earliest writers to record the tradition that Mary was found to be a virgin still after giving birth.	catena::core-authorities
Cyprian of Carthage (father · c. 200–258)	Rhetorician converted about 246, bishop of Carthage from 249 and beheaded under Valerian in 258, the first African bishop to die a martyr. On the Unity of the Church, On the Lapsed, On the Lord's Prayer and eighty-one letters from the Decian persecution set out the Church as the mother without whom "he cannot have God for his Father". The chain quotes him for the Church's motherhood and for the sacraments.	catena::core-authorities
Cyril of Alexandria (father · c. 376–444)	Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 and a Doctor of the Church, who led the Council of Ephesus against Nestorius and secured the title Theotokos for Mary, because the one born of her is the Word made flesh. His homilies on Luke, the Commentary on John, On the Unity of Christ and the letters to Nestorius are the foundation of later Christology. The Catena Aurea uses his Luke homilies throughout, and the chain quotes him as the council's own voice.	catena::core-authorities
Didymus the Blind (father · c. 313–398)	Blind from early childhood, yet head of the catechetical school of Alexandria and the teacher of Jerome, Rufinus and Palladius. On the Holy Spirit survives in Jerome's Latin, On the Trinity in Greek, and papyri found at Tura in 1941 restored his commentaries on Genesis, Job, Zechariah and the Psalms. His Origenist views on the pre-existence of souls were condemned in 553, but his testimony to Mary's perpetual virginity was always received.	catena::core-authorities
Diodore of Tarsus (father · d. c. 390)	Head of the ascetic school at Antioch where John Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia were formed; bishop of Tarsus from 378 and a leader of the Nicene party at the Council of Constantinople in 381. His literal exegesis shaped the Antiochene school.	catena::core-authorities
Dionysius of Alexandria (father · d. c. 264)	Pupil of Origen, head of the catechetical school and bishop of Alexandria from 247, who lived through the persecutions of Decius and Valerian and the plague that followed; called "the Great" by the Greeks. His letters on the lapsed, on baptism and on Easter survive in Eusebius and in the canonical collections, and he was the first to argue on grounds of style that the Revelation was not written by the apostle John. The chain has his canonical letter to Basilides on the Easter fast.	catena::core-authorities
Dionysius the Areopagite (father · c. 500)	The unknown Syrian writer, probably a monk around 500, who published the Divine Names, Mystical Theology, Celestial Hierarchy, Ecclesiastical Hierarchy and ten letters under the name of Paul's Athenian convert. His account of the nine choirs of angels and of the ascent to God beyond all names ruled medieval theology, and Aquinas cites him constantly. A passage of the Divine Names describing the apostles gathered at the "life-giving body" was read by later writers as a memory of Mary's Dormition.	catena::core-authorities
Faustus of Riez (father · c. 405–c. 490)	British-born abbot of Lérins and, from about 460, bishop of Riez in Provence, an ascetic who was also the chief theologian of southern Gaul. His On Grace argued for the will's part in salvation against strict Augustinians and was later set aside at Orange in 529; On the Holy Spirit, letters and sermons (some transmitted in the Eusebius Gallicanus collection) survive. The Catena Aurea cites him as "Faustus".	catena::core-authorities
Gennadius of Constantinople (father · d. 471)	Patriarch of Constantinople from 458 to 471, remembered for his learning and his care for the clergy. His commentaries on Genesis, Daniel and the epistles of Paul survive only in catena fragments; he had opposed Cyril's Twelve Anathemas as a young man and stood firmly by Chalcedon as patriarch. The Gospel catenae Aquinas used quote him a few times.	catena::core-authorities
Glossa Ordinaria (medieval · 12th c.)	The standard commentary on the whole Latin Bible in the medieval schools: patristic excerpts written in the margins and between the lines of the biblical text. It was assembled in the early twelfth century in the circle of Anselm of Laon (with Ralph of Laon and Gilbert of Auxerre) from Augustine, Jerome, Gregory, Bede, Rabanus and others, and was long misattributed to Walafrid Strabo. Aquinas cites both the marginal ("ordinary") and the interlinear gloss on every page of the Catena Aurea.	catena::core-authorities
Gregory Thaumaturgus (father · c. 213–270)	Pupil of Origen at Caesarea, whose Panegyric on his master is the best picture of Origen's school, and bishop of Neocaesarea in Pontus from about 240, called the Wonderworker. His canonical letter regulates the Church after the Gothic raids of the 250s, and a short exposition of the Trinity is his creed. Gregory of Nyssa's Life of him records the earliest reported appearance of the Virgin Mary, who came with John the apostle to teach him that creed, and the chain keeps him for that.	catena::core-authorities
Gregory the Great (father · c. 540–604)	Prefect of Rome who became a monk, then pope from 590, the last of the four Latin Doctors and the pope who sent Augustine of Canterbury to the English. The Pastoral Rule, the Dialogues, the Moralia on Job, the Homilies on the Gospels and on Ezekiel and a register of some 850 letters made him the teacher of the Middle Ages. Aquinas cites his Gospel homilies throughout the Catena Aurea, and the chain quotes them on the Visitation and the Magi.	catena::core-authorities
Haymo of Halberstadt (medieval · 9th c.)	The medieval commentaries that circulated under the name of Haymo, bishop of Halberstadt (d. 853), a pupil of Alcuin with Rabanus Maurus, are now mostly ascribed to Haymo of Auxerre (d. c. 865), a monk of Saint-Germain d'Auxerre and teacher of Heiric. Under either name the work is the same: homilies on the Gospels and commentaries on Paul, Revelation and the Song of Songs woven from the Fathers. The Catena Aurea cites "Haymo" on the Gospel lessons.	catena::core-authorities
Hilary of Poitiers (father · c. 310–367)	Bishop of Poitiers from about 350, exiled to Phrygia by Constantius for four years and called the "Athanasius of the West"; a Doctor of the Church. On the Trinity in twelve books was the first full Latin treatment of the subject, and his Commentary on Matthew is the earliest Latin Gospel commentary to survive. In it he reads Matthew 1:25 and the "brothers of the Lord" so as to keep Mary's virginity intact, and the chain quotes him there.	catena::core-authorities
Ignatius of Antioch (father · d. c. 107)	Bishop of Antioch, carried to Rome under Trajan to die in the arena; on the way he wrote seven letters to the churches of Asia and to Polycarp that are the first witness to the threefold ministry, to the Eucharist as the flesh of Christ, and to the church of Rome as one that presides. Later tradition made him a disciple of Peter or of John.	catena::core-authorities
Isidore of Seville (father · c. 560–636)	Archbishop of Seville from about 600, president of the Fourth Council of Toledo in 633 and the last of the Latin Fathers; a Doctor of the Church since 1722. The Etymologies gathered the learning of antiquity into the encyclopaedia the Middle Ages read most, and On the Nature of Things, the Sentences and On Ecclesiastical Offices served bishops and schools for centuries. Aquinas cites the Etymologies for the meaning of names and words.	catena::core-authorities
John Cassian (father · c. 360–435)	Monk in Bethlehem and among the desert Fathers of Egypt, deacon under John Chrysostom in Constantinople, and from about 415 founder of monasteries at Marseilles. The Institutes and Conferences carried the wisdom of the Egyptian desert to the West and were read daily under the Rule of Saint Benedict. His On the Incarnation of the Lord, Against Nestorius, written for Leo in 430, is the first Latin defence of Mary as Mother of God.	catena::core-authorities
Lanfranc (medieval · c. 1005–1089)	Scholar from Pavia who became a monk and prior of Bec in Normandy, abbot of Saint-Étienne at Caen, and from 1070 archbishop of Canterbury under William the Conqueror; the teacher of Anselm of Canterbury. On the Body and Blood of the Lord against Berengar of Tours defended the real change of the elements, and his glosses on the Pauline epistles were widely copied. The Catena Aurea cites him occasionally.	catena::core-authorities
Maximus the Confessor (father · c. 580–662)	Byzantine monk and the greatest theologian of the seventh century, who opposed the imperial monothelite compromise, was tried, mutilated and died in exile in the Caucasus in 662. The Ambigua, the Questions to Thalassius and the Mystagogy read the Fathers, above all Gregory of Nazianzus and Dionysius, into a vision of the whole creation gathered into Christ. A Life of the Virgin preserved in Georgian is attributed to him. Some of the "Maximus" citations in the Catena Aurea may belong instead to Maximus of Turin, a fifth-century preacher.	catena::core-authorities
Nemesius of Emesa (father · fl. c. 400)	Bishop of Emesa in Syria about the year 400, known only through his treatise On the Nature of Man, the first Christian anthropology, which draws on Galen, Aristotle and the Platonists to describe soul, body, the passions, providence and free will. It was long copied under the name of Gregory of Nyssa, and John Damascene and Aquinas took their account of the soul's powers from it.	catena::core-authorities
Pamphilus of Caesarea (father · d. 309)	Presbyter of Caesarea in Palestine, who gathered the library there, copied and corrected the Scriptures and Origen's works, and died a martyr under Maximinus. Eusebius, his pupil and friend, took the surname Pamphili from him and wrote his life.	catena::core-authorities
Pantaenus (father · d. c. 200)	Stoic philosopher turned Christian, the first known head of the catechetical school of Alexandria and, Eusebius says, a missionary to India (Church History V.10). Clement of Alexandria was his pupil and called him the Sicilian bee.	catena::core-authorities
Papias (father · c. 60–130)	Bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia and companion of Polycarp; his Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord, known through Irenaeus and Eusebius, preserves the traditions about the making of Mark's and Matthew's Gospels. Irenaeus calls him a hearer of John; Eusebius thought he meant the presbyter John rather than the apostle.	catena::core-authorities
Peter Chrysologus (father · c. 380–450)	Bishop of Ravenna, the imperial capital of the West, from about 425, and a Doctor of the Church since 1729; "golden-worded" for the short, pointed sermons of which some 180 survive. His sermons on the Annunciation and the Nativity dwell on the Virgin as the place where God took our flesh, and the Catena Aurea cites them on Luke.	catena::core-authorities
Peter of Alexandria (father · d. 311)	Bishop of Alexandria from 300, who withdrew during the persecution of Diocletian, deposed Meletius of Lycopolis for usurping his authority, and was beheaded under Maximinus Daia in 311, the last martyr of the Alexandrian see, "the seal of the martyrs". His canonical letter of 306 lays down penances for those who lapsed under persecution, and fragments of his writing on the Resurrection and on the soul survive.	catena::core-authorities
Petrus Alfonsi (medieval · c. 1062–c. 1140)	Moses Sephardi, a Jewish scholar and physician of Huesca in Aragon, baptized in 1106 with King Alfonso I as his godfather, and later physician to Henry I of England. His Dialogue against the Jews, cast as a debate between his old and new selves, and the Disciplina clericalis, a collection of Arabic tales, were read all over Europe. Aquinas cites the Dialogue in the Catena Aurea for Jewish tradition and for the Hebrew of the Old Testament.	catena::core-authorities
Polycarp (father · c. 69–155)	Bishop of Smyrna, who had been taught by the apostles and had conversed with many who had seen Christ; Irenaeus, who knew him in his youth, says he was appointed by apostles and had sat at the feet of John (Against Heresies III.3.4). His Letter to the Philippians survives, and the account of his martyrdom at Smyrna about 155 is the first of its kind.	catena::core-authorities
Pseudo-Athanasius (father · 4th–6th c.)	Works transmitted under the name of Athanasius that are not his: among them a sermon on the Annunciation, the Questions to Antiochus, dialogues on the Trinity and several homilies, mostly from the fifth and sixth centuries. The Catena Aurea quotes a few of them, and where the chain cites "Athanasius" for a text of this kind the attribution is noted as doubtful.	catena::core-authorities
Pseudo-Chrysostom (father · 5th c.)	Chiefly the Opus imperfectum in Matthaeum, an unfinished Latin commentary on Matthew written in the fifth century by an Arian author, which the Middle Ages read as a work of Chrysostom. Aquinas quotes it on almost every page of the Catena Aurea on Matthew, sometimes warning of its errors, and it is the most cited "Chrysostom" in the Latin tradition. Other Greek homilies wrongly ascribed to Chrysostom go under the same label.	catena::core-authorities
Rabanus Maurus (medieval · c. 780–856)	Pupil of Alcuin at Tours, abbot of Fulda from 822 and archbishop of Mainz from 847, called the "teacher of Germany". He compiled commentaries on most books of the Bible from the Fathers, wrote the encyclopaedic On the Natures of Things, and the hymn Veni Creator Spiritus is attributed to him. The Catena Aurea cites him on Matthew.	catena::core-authorities
Remigius of Auxerre (medieval · c. 841–908)	Monk of Saint-Germain d'Auxerre, pupil of Heiric, who taught at Reims and then at Paris, one of the last masters of the Carolingian schools. He wrote commentaries on Genesis, the Psalms and Matthew, and on Martianus Capella and the grammarians. The Catena Aurea quotes his Matthew commentary constantly.	catena::core-authorities
Severian of Gabala (father · fl. c. 400)	Bishop of Gabala on the Syrian coast, a popular preacher at Constantinople who turned against John Chrysostom and helped depose him at the Synod of the Oak in 403. His homilies on the six days of creation and on other texts survive, several under Chrysostom's name, and the Greek catenae on the Gospels quote him.	catena::core-authorities
Tertullian (father · c. 155–c. 220)	Carthaginian convert and the first great theologian to write in Latin, who gave the West its words for Trinity, person and substance. The Apology, Against Marcion, Against Praxeas, On the Flesh of Christ, On Baptism and On Prayer survive from more than thirty works; in later life he joined the Montanists and he was never counted a saint. He insists that Christ took real flesh from Mary and sets the believing Virgin against Eve, but he denied her virginity in and after childbirth, so the chain quotes him with care.	catena::core-authorities
Theodoret of Cyrus (father · c. 393–c. 458)	Bishop of Cyrrhus near Antioch from 423, the last great exegete of the Antiochene school, who opposed Cyril's Twelve Anathemas, was deposed at the "Robber Council" of 449 and restored at Chalcedon after anathematizing Nestorius. His commentaries on the Psalms, the prophets and Paul, the Eranistes dialogues, the Ecclesiastical History and the Religious History of the Syrian monks all survive. The Catena Aurea cites his commentaries.	catena::core-authorities
Theodotus of Ancyra (father · d. before 446)	Bishop of Ancyra in Galatia, once a friend of Nestorius, who became one of Cyril's firmest supporters at the Council of Ephesus in 431 and preached there. His homilies on the Nativity and on the Mother of God praise the Virgin in the new language of the council, and an Exposition of the Nicene Creed is also his. The Catena Aurea quotes him on Luke.	catena::core-authorities
Theophilus of Alexandria (father · d. 412)	Bishop of Alexandria from 385 to 412 and uncle of Cyril, who destroyed the Serapeum in 391, turned against the Origenist monks of Nitria, and engineered the deposition of John Chrysostom at the Synod of the Oak in 403. His canonical letters, on the Epiphany fast and on cases referred to him from the Egyptian churches, were received into the code of canons; a few homilies survive in Coptic.	catena::core-authorities
Theophylact of Ohrid (medieval · c. 1050–after 1107)	Byzantine scholar, deacon of Hagia Sophia and tutor at court, sent as archbishop to Ohrid in Bulgaria about 1090, where he spent the rest of his life. His commentaries on the Gospels, Acts, the epistles and the minor prophets condense Chrysostom and the Greek Fathers into a clear running exposition. Aquinas had them translated and quotes him throughout the Catena Aurea on Mark, Luke and John.	catena::core-authorities
Thomas Aquinas (medieval · 1225–1274)	Dominican friar, master at Paris and a Doctor of the Church, author of the Summa Theologiae, the Summa contra Gentiles and commentaries on Scripture and Aristotle. At the request of Pope Urban IV he compiled the Catena Aurea (1263–1268), a continuous gloss on the four Gospels drawn from more than eighty Greek and Latin Fathers; it supplies the Catena Aurea layer of this site. He held Mary's perpetual virginity and her sanctification in the womb, but thought her cleansed from original sin after animation rather than at conception, a point the definition of 1854 settled otherwise.	catena::core-authorities
Timothy of Alexandria (father · d. 385)	Bishop of Alexandria from 381 to 385, brother and successor of Peter II, who sat at the Council of Constantinople in 381. His eighteen Canonical Answers to questions on communion, fasting and marriage were received into the code of canons of the Eastern Church and are cited at Trullo.	catena::core-authorities
Titus of Bostra (father · d. c. 378)	Bishop of Bostra in the Roman province of Arabia, denounced to Julian the Apostate by the pagans of his city and defended by his own flock. His four books Against the Manichaeans are the fullest early reply to that sect, and his homilies on Luke survive in the Greek catenae, from which the Catena Aurea quotes him.	catena::core-authorities
Council in Trullo (692) (council · 692)	The council held under Justinian II in the domed hall (trullus) of the palace at Constantinople in 692 to supply the disciplinary canons that the fifth and sixth ecumenical councils had not passed, hence "Quinisext". Its 102 canons fix the Eastern rule on married clergy, forbid the Roman Saturday fast, list the canons the Church receives, and order that Christ be depicted as a man and not a lamb. Rome never accepted it in full, and the Latin West counts it as a local council.	catena::core-authorities
Council of Carthage (256) (council · 256)	The council of eighty-seven African bishops held at Carthage on 1 September 256 under Cyprian, whose recorded opinions all held that those baptized by heretics must be baptized on entering the Church, against Pope Stephen, who upheld the Roman custom of receiving them by the laying on of hands. The Church later followed Stephen, but the council's proceedings were received among the canonical texts of the East, and Cyprian's letter to Januarius on the same question stands with them.	catena::core-authorities
Council of Carthage (419) (council · 419)	The council of 217 African bishops held at Carthage in 419 under Aurelius, with Augustine present, which gathered the canons of the earlier African councils (Hippo 393, Carthage 397 and after) into the Code of Canons of the African Church. Its canon 24 lists the books of Scripture with the deuterocanonical books, its Pelagian canons of 418 define original sin and the need of grace, and the affair of the presbyter Apiarius made it resist appeals to Rome that rested on the Sardican canons mistaken for Nicene.	catena::core-authorities
Council of Constantinople (394) (council · 394)	A synod held at Constantinople in 394 under the patriarch Nectarius, with Theophilus of Alexandria and Flavian of Antioch, over the disputed see of Bostra. Its one ruling, that a bishop may not be deposed by two bishops but only by a larger synod, was received into the code of canons.	catena::core-authorities
Council of Sardica (343) (council · 343)	A council called by the emperors Constans and Constantius to Sardica (Sofia) in 343 to settle the case of Athanasius; the Eastern bishops withdrew to Philippopolis and the Western bishops under Hosius of Cordova went on alone. Its twenty-one canons include the first written provision for a deposed bishop's appeal to the bishop of Rome, and they were later cited by the popes as if they were canons of Nicaea.	catena::core-authorities
First Council of Constantinople (381) (council · 381)	The second ecumenical council, called by Theodosius I with 150 bishops and presided over first by Meletius of Antioch, then by Gregory of Nazianzus. It affirmed the divinity of the Holy Spirit against the Macedonians and condemned Apollinaris, who denied Christ a human mind. The creed associated with it, the one sung at Mass, confesses that the Son "was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary and became man", the first conciliar creed to name her; its third canon ranked Constantinople after Rome. Its own texts are on this site in Henry R. Percival's 1900 translation.	catena::core-authorities
First Council of Nicaea (325) (council · 325)	The first ecumenical council, called by Constantine to Nicaea in Bithynia in 325 and attended by some 318 bishops. It condemned Arius, who taught that the Son was a creature, and set forth the Nicene Creed with its confession that the Son is "of one substance with the Father"; its twenty canons ordered the life of clergy and penitents, and its synodal letter settled the date of Easter. The creed of 325 says only that the Son "was made flesh and became man"; the words "of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary" were added at Constantinople in 381. Its own texts are on this site in Henry R. Percival's 1900 translation.	catena::core-authorities
Second Council of Nicaea (787) (council · 787)	The seventh ecumenical council, called by the empress Irene and her son Constantine VI and presided over by the patriarch Tarasius, which ended the first period of iconoclasm. It condemned the iconoclast synod of 754 and defined that the images of Christ, his Mother, the angels and the saints may be venerated with honour and reverence, since the honour passes to the one depicted, while adoration belongs to God alone; twenty-two canons followed. The Frankish court, working from a bad translation, answered it in the Caroline Books. Its own texts are on this site in Henry R. Percival's 1900 translation.	catena::core-authorities
Synod of Ancyra (314) (council · 314)	A synod of bishops from Asia Minor and Syria held at Ancyra (Ankara) in 314, just after the persecution of Maximinus Daia. Its twenty-five canons fix the penances of clergy and laity who had lapsed under persecution, and rule on marriage, adultery, magic and the ordination of deacons; they were taken into the universal code of canons received by the ecumenical councils.	catena::core-authorities
Synod of Antioch (341) (council · 341)	The synod "in Encaeniis", held at the dedication of Constantine's Golden Church in Antioch in 341 in the presence of the emperor Constantius. Its doctrinal creeds sidestepped the Nicene wording, but its twenty-five canons on bishops, provinces, appeals and clerical discipline were received into the code of the Church and quoted at Chalcedon.	catena::core-authorities
Synod of Gangra (c. 340) (council · c. 340)	A synod of Paphlagonia held at Gangra about 340 against the followers of Eustathius of Sebaste, ascetics who despised marriage, meat, wealth and the ordinary assemblies of the Church. Its twenty canons anathematize anyone who condemns marriage or a married priest, or who fasts on Sunday out of contempt, and its synodal letter explains that the Church honours virginity without dishonouring marriage. The chain keeps it as the Church's early balance between the two.	catena::core-authorities
Synod of Laodicea (c. 363) (council · c. 363)	A synod of Phrygia held at Laodicea in the second half of the fourth century, known only through its sixty canons. They regulate the liturgy and the clergy, forbid the worship of angels and Christians keeping the Jewish Sabbath, and in the last canon list the books of Scripture to be read in church. The list omits Revelation and is cited in every discussion of the canon of Scripture.	catena::core-authorities
Synod of Neocaesarea (c. 315) (council · c. 315)	A synod of the province of Pontus held at Neocaesarea shortly after Ancyra and before Nicaea. Its fifteen canons treat clerical marriage, the age of thirty for a presbyter, second marriages, catechumens and the number of deacons in a city; like Ancyra's they passed into the general code of the Church.	catena::core-authorities
Third Council of Constantinople (680–681) (council · 680–681)	The sixth ecumenical council, called by Constantine IV, which condemned monothelitism and defined that Christ has two natural wills and two operations, divine and human, working without division or confusion, the human will following the divine. Pope Agatho's letter to the emperor was received as the rule of faith, and Pope Honorius was condemned with the monothelite patriarchs for his negligence. It passed no canons; the Council in Trullo supplied them eleven years later. Its own texts are on this site in Henry R. Percival's 1900 translation.	catena::core-authorities
The Apostolic Canons (document · c. 380)	Eighty-five canons on the ordination and discipline of bishops and clergy, appended to the Apostolic Constitutions and issued under the names of the apostles, in fact compiled in Syria about 380. The last canon lists the books of Scripture. The East received all eighty-five (the Council in Trullo names them first among the canons), while the West through Dionysius Exiguus accepted only the first fifty.	catena::core-authorities
Andrew the Apostle (apostle · 1st c.)	Brother of Simon Peter and, with him, among the first called (John 1:40–42). Later tradition, gathered by Eusebius (Church History III.1), sends him to Scythia; he was martyred, it is said, at Patras.	catena::core-authorities
Bartholomew the Apostle (apostle · 1st c.)	One of the Twelve in all three synoptic lists, often identified with the Nathanael whom Philip brought to Christ. Eusebius records that Pantaenus found a Hebrew Gospel of Matthew in India that Bartholomew had left there (Church History V.10).	catena::core-authorities
James the Great (apostle · d. c. 44)	Son of Zebedee and brother of John, one of the three closest to Christ; the first apostle to die, put to death by Herod Agrippa (Acts 12:2). Spain's patron by a medieval tradition that brought his relics to Compostela.	catena::core-authorities
James the Less (apostle · d. c. 62)	Son of Alphaeus among the Twelve, identified in the Western tradition with James the brother of the Lord, first bishop of Jerusalem, who presided at the council of Acts 15 and wrote the letter that bears his name. Hegesippus and Josephus record his martyrdom at Jerusalem about 62.	catena::core-authorities
John the Apostle (apostle · d. c. 100)	Son of Zebedee, the disciple whom Jesus loved, to whom he gave his mother from the cross (John 19:26–27). The Fathers hold that he lived to old age at Ephesus and wrote the fourth Gospel, three letters and the Apocalypse there; Irenaeus knew Polycarp, who had sat at his feet (Against Heresies III.3.4), and Papias of Hierapolis was called his hearer.	catena::core-authorities
Jude Thaddeus (apostle · 1st c.)	Jude, or Thaddeus, one of the Twelve, whom the letter of Jude names as brother of James; tradition pairs him with Simon the Zealot in Persia.	catena::core-authorities
Luke the Evangelist (disciple · 1st c.)	The physician of Colossians 4:14, Paul's companion on his journeys and in his last imprisonment (2 Tim 4:11), author of the third Gospel and of Acts.	catena::core-authorities
Mark the Evangelist (disciple · 1st c.)	John Mark of Jerusalem, companion of Barnabas and Paul and then of Peter, whose interpreter he was; Papias, as Eusebius reports (Church History III.39), says he wrote down Peter's preaching in his Gospel. Tradition makes him the founder of the church of Alexandria.	catena::core-authorities
Matthew the Apostle (apostle · 1st c.)	The tax collector of Capernaum whom Christ called from his booth (Matt 9:9). Papias and Irenaeus say he wrote his Gospel for the Hebrews in their own tongue.	catena::core-authorities
Matthias the Apostle (apostle · 1st c.)	Chosen by lot to take the place of Judas among the Twelve, as one who had been with the Lord from the baptism of John (Acts 1:21–26).	catena::core-authorities
Paul the Apostle (apostle · d. c. 64/67)	Saul of Tarsus, Pharisee and persecutor, called on the road to Damascus and made the apostle of the nations. His thirteen letters are the earliest Christian theology; he founded churches across Asia Minor and Greece, formed Timothy, Titus and Luke, and died a martyr at Rome under Nero. Irenaeus says the Roman church was founded and built up by Peter and Paul together (Against Heresies III.3.2).	catena::core-authorities
Peter the Apostle (apostle · d. c. 64/67)	Simon, son of Jonah, a fisherman of Bethsaida called by Christ with his brother Andrew and named Peter, the rock (Matt 16:18). First among the Twelve, he confessed Christ at Caesarea Philippi, denied him and was restored, preached at Pentecost, and led the Church at Jerusalem and then at Antioch. Tradition holds that he came to Rome, where he was martyred under Nero and buried on the Vatican hill; Irenaeus and Eusebius count the bishops of Rome from him. Two letters in the New Testament bear his name, and Mark's Gospel was held to preserve his preaching.	catena::core-authorities
Philip the Apostle (apostle · 1st c.)	Of Bethsaida, called on the day after Peter and Andrew (John 1:43); he brought Nathanael to Christ and asked to be shown the Father (John 14:8). Tradition places his later preaching in Phrygia, at Hierapolis.	catena::core-authorities
Simon the Zealot (apostle · 1st c.)	One of the Twelve, called the Zealot or the Cananaean to distinguish him from Simon Peter; tradition joins him with Jude in later preaching.	catena::core-authorities
Thomas the Apostle (apostle · 1st c.)	Called the Twin, who would not believe the resurrection until he had touched the wounds, and then confessed Christ as Lord and God (John 20:28). Tradition sends him to Parthia and India, where the Christians of Malabar have always claimed him as their founder.	catena::core-authorities
Timothy (disciple · d. c. 97)	Paul's disciple from Lystra, his companion and messenger, to whom two letters of the New Testament are addressed; Eusebius records him as the first bishop of Ephesus (Church History III.4).	catena::core-authorities
Titus of Crete (disciple · 1st c.)	Paul's Greek disciple and envoy to Corinth, whom he left in Crete to order its churches (Titus 1:5); Eusebius calls him the first bishop of the island (Church History III.4).	catena::core-authorities
Adalbert (antipope) (antipope · 1101)	Claimant to the See of Rome, 1101, against Paschal II.	catena::core-authorities
Alexander V (antipope) (antipope · 1409–1410)	Peter of Candia, the Pisan council's pope, a Franciscan theologian.	catena::core-authorities
Anacletus II (antipope) (antipope · 1130–1138)	Pietro Pierleoni, elected by a majority of the cardinals against Innocent II; Bernard of Clairvaux won Europe for Innocent.	catena::core-authorities
Anastasius Bibliothecarius (antipope) (antipope · 855)	Learned librarian of the Roman church, briefly intruded by imperial envoys; later the translator of the acts of the Eastern councils.	catena::core-authorities
Benedict X (antipope) (antipope · 1058–1059)	John Mincius, elected by the Roman nobility and deposed under the reform party's new election decree.	catena::core-authorities
Benedict XIII (antipope) (antipope · 1394–1423)	Pedro de Luna, the Avignon claimant who refused every call to resign, deposed at Pisa and Constance.	catena::core-authorities
Boniface VII (antipope) (antipope · 974; 984–985)	Franco, who had Benedict VI strangled, fled with the Vatican treasury, and returned to seize the see again after John XIV.	catena::core-authorities
Callistus III (antipope) (antipope · 1168–1178)	Claimant to the See of Rome, 1168–1178, against Alexander III.	catena::core-authorities
Celestine II (antipope) (antipope · 1124)	Teobaldo Boccapecci, elected and forced to withdraw the same day.	catena::core-authorities
Christopher (antipope) (antipope · 903–904)	Cardinal priest who imprisoned Leo V and was in turn deposed by Sergius III.	catena::core-authorities
Clement III (antipope) (antipope · 1080–1100)	Wibert of Ravenna, Henry IV's pope against Gregory VII and his successors.	catena::core-authorities
Clement VII (antipope) (antipope · 1378–1394)	Robert of Geneva, elected at Fondi by the cardinals who abandoned Urban VI; the first pope of the Avignon obedience in the Western Schism.	catena::core-authorities
Clement VIII (antipope) (antipope · 1423–1429)	Gil Sánchez Muñoz, Benedict XIII's successor at Peñíscola, who resigned in favour of Martin V.	catena::core-authorities
Constantine II (antipope) (antipope · 767–768)	Layman made pope by his brother's soldiers, deposed and blinded.	catena::core-authorities
Dioscorus (antipope) (antipope · 530)	Alexandrian deacon elected by the majority of the Roman clergy; he died within a month.	catena::core-authorities
Eulalius (antipope) (antipope · 418–419)	Archdeacon consecrated the day before Boniface; the emperor Honorius decided for Boniface.	catena::core-authorities
Felix II (antipope) (antipope · 355–365)	Archdeacon installed by Constantius II when Liberius was exiled; later confused with a martyr of the same name.	catena::core-authorities
Felix V (antipope) (antipope · 1439–1449)	Amadeus VIII, duke of Savoy, elected by the rump Council of Basel; the last antipope.	catena::core-authorities
Gregory VI (antipope) (antipope · 1012)	Claimant to the See of Rome, 1012, against Benedict VIII.	catena::core-authorities
Gregory VIII (antipope) (antipope · 1118–1121)	Maurice Bourdin, archbishop of Braga, set up by Henry V.	catena::core-authorities
Honorius II (antipope) (antipope · 1061–1064)	Cadalus of Parma, chosen by the imperial court against Alexander II.	catena::core-authorities
Innocent III (antipope) (antipope · 1179–1180)	Claimant to the See of Rome, 1179–1180, against Alexander III.	catena::core-authorities
John VIII (antipope) (antipope · 844)	Claimant to the See of Rome, 844, against Sergius II.	catena::core-authorities
John XVI (antipope) (antipope · 997–998)	John Philagathos of Rossano, set up by Crescentius against Gregory V and mutilated when Otto III took Rome.	catena::core-authorities
John XXIII (antipope) (antipope · 1410–1415)	Baldassarre Cossa, the Pisan claimant who called the Council of Constance and was deposed by it.	catena::core-authorities
Laurentius (antipope) (antipope · 498–506)	Archpriest elected by the pro-Byzantine party on the same day as Symmachus; the Laurentian schism divided Rome for eight years.	catena::core-authorities
Nicholas V (antipope) (antipope · 1328–1330)	Pietro Rainalducci, a Franciscan set up by Louis of Bavaria; he submitted to John XXII.	catena::core-authorities
Novatian (antipope) (antipope · 251–258)	Roman presbyter who held that those who lapsed in persecution could not be readmitted; consecrated bishop against Cornelius, he founded a rigorist church that lasted for centuries.	catena::core-authorities
Paschal (antipope) (antipope · 687)	Claimant to the See of Rome, 687, against Sergius I.	catena::core-authorities
Paschal III (antipope) (antipope · 1164–1168)	Guido of Crema, who canonised Charlemagne at Barbarossa's wish.	catena::core-authorities
Philip (antipope) (antipope · 768)	Monk set up for one day by the Lombard party.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Adeodatus I (pope · 615–618)	The 68th Bishop of Rome, 615–618.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Adeodatus II (pope · 672–676)	The 77th Bishop of Rome, 672–676.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Adrian I (pope · 772–795)	Pope for Charlemagne's conquest of the Lombards; his letters to the Frankish court concern the Second Council of Nicaea and the Libri Carolini.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Adrian II (pope · 867–872)	Confirmed the Slavonic liturgy of Cyril and Methodius.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Adrian III (pope · 884–885)	The 109th Bishop of Rome, 884–885.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Adrian IV (pope · 1154–1159)	Nicholas Breakspear, the only English pope.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Adrian V (pope · 1276)	The 186th Bishop of Rome, 1276.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Adrian VI (pope · 1522–1523)	The last non-Italian pope before John Paul II.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Agapetus I (pope · 535–536)	Went to Constantinople for Theodahad and there deposed the Monophysite patriarch Anthimus.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Agapetus II (pope · 946–955)	The 129th Bishop of Rome, 946–955.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Agatho (pope · 678–681)	His legates presided at the Third Council of Constantinople, and his letter to the emperor set out the faith of two wills in Christ that the council adopted.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Alexander I (pope · c. 107–115)	The 6th Bishop of Rome, c. 107–115.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Alexander II (pope · 1061–1073)	The 156th Bishop of Rome, 1061–1073.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Alexander III (pope · 1159–1181)	Held the Third Lateran Council, which required two thirds of the cardinals for a valid election; he absolved Henry II after Becket's murder.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Alexander IV (pope · 1254–1261)	The 181st Bishop of Rome, 1254–1261.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Alexander VI (pope · 1492–1503)	Rodrigo Borgia; he divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Alexander VII (pope · 1655–1667)	Commissioned Bernini's colonnade of St Peter's Square.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Alexander VIII (pope · 1689–1691)	The 241st Bishop of Rome, 1689–1691.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Anacletus (pope · c. 76–88)	Also called Cletus; second in Irenaeus's list after Peter. The Liber Pontificalis makes him a Roman who ordained presbyters and set apart the burial ground of the popes.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Anastasius I (pope · 399–401)	Condemned Origen's writings at the urging of Jerome and Theophilus.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Anastasius II (pope · 496–498)	The 50th Bishop of Rome, 496–498.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Anastasius III (pope · 911–913)	The 120th Bishop of Rome, 911–913.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Anastasius IV (pope · 1153–1154)	The 168th Bishop of Rome, 1153–1154.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Anicetus (pope · c. 155–166)	Received Polycarp of Smyrna at Rome and kept communion with him though they differed on the date of Easter (Irenaeus in Eusebius V.24).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Anterus (pope · 235–236)	The 19th Bishop of Rome, 235–236.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict I (pope · 575–579)	The 62nd Bishop of Rome, 575–579.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict II (pope · 684–685)	The 81st Bishop of Rome, 684–685.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict III (pope · 855–858)	The 104th Bishop of Rome, 855–858.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict IV (pope · 900–903)	The 117th Bishop of Rome, 900–903.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict IX (pope · 1032–1044; 1045; 1047–1048)	Theophylact of Tusculum, made pope as a young man by his family; he was driven out, returned, sold the office to Gregory VI and seized it once more. The Annuario counts his three pontificates as the 145th, 147th and 150th.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict V (pope · 964)	The 132nd Bishop of Rome, 964.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict VI (pope · 973–974)	The 134th Bishop of Rome, 973–974.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict VII (pope · 974–983)	The 135th Bishop of Rome, 974–983.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict VIII (pope · 1012–1024)	The 143rd Bishop of Rome, 1012–1024.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict XI (pope · 1303–1304)	The 194th Bishop of Rome, 1303–1304.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict XII (pope · 1334–1342)	Defined in Benedictus Deus (1336) that the just see God face to face before the resurrection.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict XIII (pope · 1724–1730)	The 245th Bishop of Rome, 1724–1730.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict XIV (pope · 1740–1758)	Prospero Lambertini, canonist and scholar, whose work on beatification and canonisation shaped the process.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Benedict XV (pope · 1914–1922)	Pope of the First World War, whose peace note of 1917 went unheeded; he promulgated the Code of Canon Law (1917).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Boniface I (pope · 418–422)	The 42nd Bishop of Rome, 418–422.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Boniface II (pope · 530–532)	The 55th Bishop of Rome, 530–532.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Boniface III (pope · 607)	The 66th Bishop of Rome, 607.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Boniface IV (pope · 608–615)	Received the Pantheon from the emperor Phocas and dedicated it to the Mother of God and all martyrs.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Boniface IX (pope · 1389–1404)	The 203rd Bishop of Rome, 1389–1404.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Boniface V (pope · 619–625)	The 69th Bishop of Rome, 619–625.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Boniface VI (pope · 896)	The 112th Bishop of Rome, 896.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Boniface VIII (pope · 1294–1303)	Author of Unam Sanctam and of the first Jubilee (1300); he died soon after his seizure at Anagni by Philip IV's agents.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Caius (pope · 283–296)	The 28th Bishop of Rome, 283–296.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Callistus I (pope · 217–222)	Opposed by Hippolytus as too lenient toward repentant sinners and unsound on the Trinity; honoured as a martyr, and the catacomb on the Appian Way bears his name.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Callistus II (pope · 1119–1124)	Ended the investiture contest with the Concordat of Worms (1122) and confirmed it at the First Lateran Council.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Callistus III (pope · 1455–1458)	The 209th Bishop of Rome, 1455–1458.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Celestine I (pope · 422–432)	Sent Cyril of Alexandria his judgment against Nestorius and his legates to the Council of Ephesus; he sent Palladius to Ireland and Germanus of Auxerre to Britain.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Celestine II (pope · 1143–1144)	The 165th Bishop of Rome, 1143–1144.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Celestine III (pope · 1191–1198)	The 175th Bishop of Rome, 1191–1198.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Celestine IV (pope · 1241)	The 179th Bishop of Rome, 1241.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Celestine V (pope · 1294)	Peter of Morrone, the hermit, who resigned after five months.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement I (pope · c. 88–99)	Clement of Rome, who according to Irenaeus had seen the apostles and heard their preaching; his Letter to the Corinthians, written about 96, is the oldest Christian writing outside the New Testament, and it is the first appeal of the Roman church to another church.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement II (pope · 1046–1047)	The 149th Bishop of Rome, 1046–1047.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement III (pope · 1187–1191)	The 174th Bishop of Rome, 1187–1191.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement IV (pope · 1265–1268)	The 183rd Bishop of Rome, 1265–1268.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement IX (pope · 1667–1669)	The 238th Bishop of Rome, 1667–1669.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement V (pope · 1305–1314)	Moved the papal court to Avignon and suppressed the Templars at the Council of Vienne.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement VI (pope · 1342–1352)	The 198th Bishop of Rome, 1342–1352.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement VII (pope · 1523–1534)	Pope through the Sack of Rome (1527) and Henry VIII's suit for annulment, which he refused.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement VIII (pope · 1592–1605)	Issued the revised Vulgate (1592).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement X (pope · 1670–1676)	The 239th Bishop of Rome, 1670–1676.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement XI (pope · 1700–1721)	Condemned Jansenism again in Unigenitus (1713).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement XII (pope · 1730–1740)	Condemned Freemasonry in In eminenti (1738).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement XIII (pope · 1758–1769)	The 248th Bishop of Rome, 1758–1769.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Clement XIV (pope · 1769–1774)	Suppressed the Society of Jesus in 1773.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Conon (pope · 686–687)	The 83rd Bishop of Rome, 686–687.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Constantine (pope · 708–715)	The last pope to visit Constantinople before Paul VI.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Cornelius (pope · 251–253)	Elected after a year's vacancy under Decius; opposed by Novatian over the readmission of the lapsed, and supported by Cyprian of Carthage, whose letters to him survive. Died in exile at Centumcellae.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Damasus I (pope · 366–384)	Commissioned Jerome's revision of the Latin Bible, adorned the tombs of the martyrs with his inscriptions, and presided at the Roman synod of 382, which drew up a list of the canonical books.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Damasus II (pope · 1048)	The 151st Bishop of Rome, 1048.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Dionysius (pope · 259–268)	Wrote against Sabellianism and the subordinationist language of Dionysius of Alexandria, who answered him in a work of defence (Athanasius, On the Decrees).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Donus (pope · 676–678)	The 78th Bishop of Rome, 676–678.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Eleutherius (pope · c. 175–189)	Irenaeus, then a presbyter of Lyons, carried a letter to him about the Montanists (Eusebius V.4); Irenaeus closes his list of Roman bishops with him.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Eugene I (pope · 654–657)	The 75th Bishop of Rome, 654–657.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Eugene II (pope · 824–827)	The 99th Bishop of Rome, 824–827.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Eugene III (pope · 1145–1153)	Cistercian disciple of Bernard of Clairvaux, who wrote On Consideration for him; he called the Second Crusade.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Eugene IV (pope · 1431–1447)	Presided at the Council of Florence, where the Greeks signed the decree of union (1439).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Eusebius (pope · 309)	The 31st Bishop of Rome, 309.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Eutychian (pope · 275–283)	The 27th Bishop of Rome, 275–283.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Evaristus (pope · c. 99–107)	Fourth successor of Peter in Irenaeus's list; the Liber Pontificalis says he divided Rome among its presbyters.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Fabian (pope · 236–250)	Chosen, Eusebius says, when a dove settled on him; he divided Rome into seven regions under deacons and died in the persecution of Decius.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Felix I (pope · 269–274)	The 26th Bishop of Rome, 269–274.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Felix III (pope · 483–492)	Excommunicated Acacius of Constantinople over the Henoticon, opening the Acacian schism (484–519); great-great-grandfather of Gregory the Great.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Felix IV (pope · 526–530)	Built the church of Saints Cosmas and Damian in the Forum.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Formosus (pope · 891–896)	His body was exhumed and tried at the Cadaver Synod under Stephen VI.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Francis (pope · 2013–2025)	Jorge Mario Bergoglio, the first Jesuit and the first pope from the Americas; author of Laudato si' and Evangelii gaudium.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gelasius I (pope · 492–496)	Wrote to the emperor Anastasius on the two powers, spiritual and temporal; the Gelasian Sacramentary and the Gelasian Decree bear his name.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gelasius II (pope · 1118–1119)	The 161st Bishop of Rome, 1118–1119.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory II (pope · 715–731)	Sent Boniface to the Germans and resisted the iconoclasm of Leo III.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory III (pope · 731–741)	Held a Roman synod against iconoclasm and first appealed to the Franks for help against the Lombards.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory IV (pope · 827–844)	The 101st Bishop of Rome, 827–844.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory IX (pope · 1227–1241)	Canonised Francis of Assisi and Dominic; his Decretals became the Church's law.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory V (pope · 996–999)	Bruno of Carinthia, the first German pope, cousin of Otto III.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory VI (pope · 1045–1046)	Bought the papacy from Benedict IX to end a scandal and resigned it at Sutri before Henry III; the young Hildebrand followed him into exile.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory VII (pope · 1073–1085)	Hildebrand, the reformer who forbade lay investiture, excommunicated Henry IV and received him at Canossa; he died in exile at Salerno.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory VIII (pope · 1187)	The 173rd Bishop of Rome, 1187.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory X (pope · 1271–1276)	Held the Second Council of Lyons, at which the Greeks accepted a reunion, and gave the conclave its rules.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory XI (pope · 1370–1378)	Returned the papacy from Avignon to Rome in 1377, urged by Catherine of Siena.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory XII (pope · 1406–1415)	Resigned at the Council of Constance to end the Western Schism.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory XIII (pope · 1572–1585)	Reformed the calendar (1582) and founded the Gregorian University.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory XIV (pope · 1590–1591)	The 229th Bishop of Rome, 1590–1591.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory XV (pope · 1621–1623)	Founded the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Gregory XVI (pope · 1831–1846)	The 254th Bishop of Rome, 1831–1846.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Hilarius (pope · 461–468)	Leo's deacon and legate at the Robber Council of 449.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Honorius I (pope · 625–638)	His letters to Sergius of Constantinople, which avoided the language of two operations in Christ, were condemned at the Third Council of Constantinople.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Honorius II (pope · 1124–1130)	The 163rd Bishop of Rome, 1124–1130.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Honorius III (pope · 1216–1227)	The 177th Bishop of Rome, 1216–1227.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Honorius IV (pope · 1285–1287)	The 190th Bishop of Rome, 1285–1287.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Hormisdas (pope · 514–523)	Ended the Acacian schism with the formula that the churches of the East signed in 519.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Hyginus (pope · c. 136–140)	In his time the Gnostic teachers Valentinus and Cerdo came to Rome (Irenaeus III.4.3).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Innocent I (pope · 401–417)	Confirmed the African councils' condemnation of Pelagius, drawing from Augustine the remark that the case was finished (Sermon 131); bishop when Alaric sacked Rome.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Innocent II (pope · 1130–1143)	Held the Second Lateran Council after the schism of Anacletus II.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Innocent III (pope · 1198–1216)	Lotario dei Conti, the most powerful of the medieval popes; he approved the rules of Francis and Dominic and presided at the Fourth Lateran Council, which defined transubstantiation.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Innocent IV (pope · 1243–1254)	The 180th Bishop of Rome, 1243–1254.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Innocent IX (pope · 1591)	The 230th Bishop of Rome, 1591.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Innocent V (pope · 1276)	Peter of Tarentaise, the first Dominican pope.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Innocent VI (pope · 1352–1362)	The 199th Bishop of Rome, 1352–1362.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Innocent VII (pope · 1404–1406)	The 204th Bishop of Rome, 1404–1406.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Innocent VIII (pope · 1484–1492)	The 213th Bishop of Rome, 1484–1492.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Innocent X (pope · 1644–1655)	Condemned five propositions of Jansen in Cum occasione (1653).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Innocent XI (pope · 1676–1689)	Opposed Louis XIV's Gallicanism; beatified in 1956.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Innocent XII (pope · 1691–1700)	Forbade nepotism in the bull Romanum decet Pontificem.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Innocent XIII (pope · 1721–1724)	The 244th Bishop of Rome, 1721–1724.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John I (pope · 523–526)	Sent to Constantinople by Theodoric; imprisoned by him on his return and died at Ravenna.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John II (pope · 533–535)	The first pope to change his name (Mercurius).	catena::core-authorities
Pope John III (pope · 561–574)	The 61st Bishop of Rome, 561–574.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John IV (pope · 640–642)	The 72nd Bishop of Rome, 640–642.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John IX (pope · 898–900)	The 116th Bishop of Rome, 898–900.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John Paul I (pope · 1978)	Albino Luciani, pope for thirty-three days.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John V (pope · 685–686)	The 82nd Bishop of Rome, 685–686.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John VI (pope · 701–705)	The 85th Bishop of Rome, 701–705.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John VII (pope · 705–707)	The 86th Bishop of Rome, 705–707.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John VIII (pope · 872–882)	Crowned Charles the Bald; the first pope to be assassinated.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John X (pope · 914–928)	The 122nd Bishop of Rome, 914–928.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John XI (pope · 931–935)	The 125th Bishop of Rome, 931–935.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John XII (pope · 955–964)	Octavian, son of Alberic of Spoleto, elected at eighteen; he crowned Otto I emperor in 962 and was deposed by him.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John XIII (pope · 965–972)	The 133rd Bishop of Rome, 965–972.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John XIV (pope · 983–984)	The 136th Bishop of Rome, 983–984.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John XIX (pope · 1024–1032)	The 144th Bishop of Rome, 1024–1032.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John XV (pope · 985–996)	The first pope to canonise a saint by formal decree (Ulrich of Augsburg, 993).	catena::core-authorities
Pope John XVII (pope · 1003)	The 140th Bishop of Rome, 1003.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John XVIII (pope · 1003–1009)	The 141st Bishop of Rome, 1003–1009.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John XXI (pope · 1276–1277)	Peter of Spain, the logician.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John XXII (pope · 1316–1334)	The 196th Bishop of Rome, 1316–1334.	catena::core-authorities
Pope John XXIII (pope · 1958–1963)	Called the Second Vatican Council and wrote Pacem in terris; canonised in 2014.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Julius I (pope · 337–352)	Defender of Athanasius, whom he received at Rome and vindicated at a synod in 341; his letter to the Eusebians (in Athanasius, Apology against the Arians) asserts the Roman see's right to be heard in the case of Alexandria.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Julius II (pope · 1503–1513)	Laid the foundation stone of the new St Peter's and commissioned Michelangelo's Sistine ceiling; he called the Fifth Lateran Council.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Julius III (pope · 1550–1555)	The 221st Bishop of Rome, 1550–1555.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Lando (pope · 913–914)	The last pope till Francis to take a name no predecessor had borne.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Leo II (pope · 682–683)	Confirmed the Third Council of Constantinople, including its condemnation of Honorius.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Leo III (pope · 795–816)	Crowned Charlemagne emperor at St Peter's on Christmas Day 800.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Leo IV (pope · 847–855)	Built the Leonine wall around the Vatican after the Saracen raid of 846.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Leo IX (pope · 1049–1054)	Bruno of Toul, the reforming pope; his legate Humbert laid the bull of excommunication on the altar of Hagia Sophia in 1054.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Leo V (pope · 903)	The 118th Bishop of Rome, 903.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Leo VI (pope · 928)	The 123rd Bishop of Rome, 928.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Leo VII (pope · 936–939)	The 126th Bishop of Rome, 936–939.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Leo VIII (pope · 963–965)	The 131st Bishop of Rome, 963–965.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Leo X (pope · 1513–1521)	Giovanni de' Medici; he condemned Luther in Exsurge Domine (1520).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Leo XI (pope · 1605)	The 232nd Bishop of Rome, 1605.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Leo XII (pope · 1823–1829)	The 252nd Bishop of Rome, 1823–1829.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Leo XIII (pope · 1878–1903)	Author of Rerum novarum (1891) and of Providentissimus Deus on Scripture; he opened the Vatican archives to scholars.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Leo XIV (pope · 2025–)	Robert Francis Prevost, the first pope from the United States, elected on 8 May 2025.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Liberius (pope · 352–366)	Exiled by Constantius II for refusing to condemn Athanasius; he signed a compromising formula to return, which Athanasius and Jerome record with regret.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Linus (pope · c. 67–76)	The first successor of Peter in Irenaeus's list (Against Heresies III.3.3), identified by the Fathers with the Linus of 2 Timothy 4:21.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Lucius I (pope · 253–254)	The 22nd Bishop of Rome, 253–254.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Lucius II (pope · 1144–1145)	The 166th Bishop of Rome, 1144–1145.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Lucius III (pope · 1181–1185)	The 171st Bishop of Rome, 1181–1185.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Marcellinus (pope · 296–304)	Bishop when the persecution of Diocletian broke out; later tradition accused him of having given up the Scriptures.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Marcellus I (pope · 308–309)	The 30th Bishop of Rome, 308–309.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Marcellus II (pope · 1555)	Palestrina's Missa Papae Marcelli bears his name.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Marinus I (pope · 882–884)	The 108th Bishop of Rome, 882–884.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Marinus II (pope · 942–946)	The 128th Bishop of Rome, 942–946.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Mark (pope · 336)	The 34th Bishop of Rome, 336.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Martin I (pope · 649–655)	Held the Lateran synod of 649 against Monothelitism, was arrested by the emperor Constans II, tried at Constantinople and exiled to the Crimea, where he died; the last pope venerated as a martyr.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Martin IV (pope · 1281–1285)	The 189th Bishop of Rome, 1281–1285.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Martin V (pope · 1417–1431)	Elected at Constance, the first pope of the reunited Church.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Miltiades (pope · 311–314)	Bishop when Constantine gave peace to the Church; he presided at the Lateran synod of 313 that judged the Donatist dispute.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Nicholas I (pope · 858–867)	Called the Great; he upheld the deposition of Photius, defended the marriage of Theutberga against Lothair II, and answered the Bulgarians' questions on the faith.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Nicholas II (pope · 1058–1061)	His decree of 1059 gave the election of the pope to the cardinals.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Nicholas III (pope · 1277–1280)	The 188th Bishop of Rome, 1277–1280.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Nicholas IV (pope · 1288–1292)	The first Franciscan pope.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Nicholas V (pope · 1447–1455)	Founded the Vatican Library.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Paschal I (pope · 817–824)	Built Santa Prassede and Santa Maria in Domnica, whose mosaics survive.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Paschal II (pope · 1099–1118)	The 160th Bishop of Rome, 1099–1118.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Paul I (pope · 757–767)	The 93rd Bishop of Rome, 757–767.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Paul II (pope · 1464–1471)	The 211th Bishop of Rome, 1464–1471.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Paul III (pope · 1534–1549)	Approved the Society of Jesus and opened the Council of Trent.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Paul IV (pope · 1555–1559)	The 223rd Bishop of Rome, 1555–1559.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Paul V (pope · 1605–1621)	Completed the nave and façade of St Peter's.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Paul VI (pope · 1963–1978)	Brought the Second Vatican Council to its close and carried out its reforms; author of Humanae vitae (1968); canonised in 2018.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pelagius I (pope · 556–561)	The 60th Bishop of Rome, 556–561.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pelagius II (pope · 579–590)	Sent his deacon Gregory as apocrisiarius to Constantinople; died in the plague of 590.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pius I (pope · c. 140–155)	Brother, according to the Muratorian fragment, of Hermas, author of the Shepherd.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pius II (pope · 1458–1464)	Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, humanist and historian.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pius III (pope · 1503)	The 215th Bishop of Rome, 1503.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pius IV (pope · 1559–1565)	Brought the Council of Trent to its close and confirmed its decrees.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pius IX (pope · 1846–1878)	Defined the Immaculate Conception in Ineffabilis Deus (1854), called the First Vatican Council, which defined papal infallibility, and lost the Papal States in 1870. The longest reigning pope after Peter.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pius V (pope · 1566–1572)	The Dominican pope of the Roman Catechism, the reformed Breviary and Missal, and the Holy League that won at Lepanto.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pius VI (pope · 1775–1799)	Taken prisoner by the French Directory and died in captivity at Valence.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pius VII (pope · 1800–1823)	Crowned Napoleon in Paris, was imprisoned by him at Savona and Fontainebleau, and restored the Jesuits in 1814.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pius VIII (pope · 1829–1830)	The 253rd Bishop of Rome, 1829–1830.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pius X (pope · 1903–1914)	Reformed church music and the Breviary, admitted children to communion and condemned Modernism in Pascendi (1907).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pius XI (pope · 1922–1939)	Signed the Lateran Treaty (1929), founded the feast of Christ the King, and condemned Nazism in Mit brennender Sorge (1937).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pius XII (pope · 1939–1958)	Defined the Assumption in Munificentissimus Deus (1950) and wrote Divino afflante Spiritu on Scripture and Mystici Corporis on the Church.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Pontian (pope · 230–235)	Deported to Sardinia with Hippolytus under Maximinus and resigned the see there, the first pope to do so; both died in the mines and were buried together at Rome.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Romanus (pope · 897)	The 114th Bishop of Rome, 897.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sabinian (pope · 604–606)	The 65th Bishop of Rome, 604–606.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sergius I (pope · 687–701)	Refused to sign the canons of the Council in Trullo; he introduced the Agnus Dei into the Mass.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sergius II (pope · 844–847)	The 102nd Bishop of Rome, 844–847.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sergius III (pope · 904–911)	The 119th Bishop of Rome, 904–911.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sergius IV (pope · 1009–1012)	The 142nd Bishop of Rome, 1009–1012.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Severinus (pope · 640)	The 71st Bishop of Rome, 640.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Silverius (pope · 536–537)	Deposed and exiled by Belisarius at the empress Theodora's wish; died on Palmaria.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Simplicius (pope · 468–483)	Pope when the Western empire ended in 476.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Siricius (pope · 384–399)	Author of the first surviving papal decretal, to Himerius of Tarragona (385).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sisinnius (pope · 708)	The 87th Bishop of Rome, 708.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sixtus I (pope · c. 115–125)	The 7th Bishop of Rome, c. 115–125.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sixtus II (pope · 257–258)	Martyred under Valerian with four of his deacons while celebrating in the cemetery of Callistus; Lawrence, his deacon, died four days later.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sixtus III (pope · 432–440)	Rebuilt Santa Maria Maggiore after the Council of Ephesus; its mosaics of the Annunciation and the Epiphany belong to his reign.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sixtus IV (pope · 1471–1484)	Built the Sistine Chapel and approved the feast of the Immaculate Conception for the Roman church.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sixtus V (pope · 1585–1590)	Reorganised the Roman Curia into congregations and fixed the number of cardinals at seventy.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Soter (pope · c. 166–175)	Wrote to the church of Corinth, where his letter was still read on the Lord's day with Clement's (Dionysius of Corinth in Eusebius IV.23).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Stephen I (pope · 254–257)	Held, against Cyprian, that baptism given by heretics was valid and need not be repeated, the first known appeal of a pope to his succession from Peter.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Stephen II (pope · 752–757)	Crossed the Alps to anoint Pepin king of the Franks, who gave the Roman church the lands that became the Papal States. (Another Stephen, elected in 752, died before consecration and is not counted.)	catena::core-authorities
Pope Stephen III (pope · 768–772)	The 94th Bishop of Rome, 768–772.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Stephen IV (pope · 816–817)	The 97th Bishop of Rome, 816–817.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Stephen IX (pope · 1057–1058)	The 154th Bishop of Rome, 1057–1058.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Stephen V (pope · 885–891)	The 110th Bishop of Rome, 885–891.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Stephen VI (pope · 896–897)	The 113th Bishop of Rome, 896–897.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Stephen VII (pope · 928–931)	The 124th Bishop of Rome, 928–931.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Stephen VIII (pope · 939–942)	The 127th Bishop of Rome, 939–942.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sylvester I (pope · 314–335)	Pope through the Council of Nicaea, at which two of his presbyters represented him; the Lateran basilica was built in his time.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sylvester II (pope · 999–1003)	Gerbert of Aurillac, the most learned man of his age, master of the abacus and the astrolabe.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Sylvester III (pope · 1045)	The 146th Bishop of Rome, 1045.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Symmachus (pope · 498–514)	Elected against the antipope Laurentius, whose party the emperor's court favoured; the schism lasted till 506.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Telesphorus (pope · c. 125–136)	The only second-century pope whom Irenaeus calls a martyr (Against Heresies III.3.3).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Theodore I (pope · 642–649)	The 73rd Bishop of Rome, 642–649.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Theodore II (pope · 897)	The 115th Bishop of Rome, 897.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Urban I (pope · 222–230)	The 17th Bishop of Rome, 222–230.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Urban II (pope · 1088–1099)	Called the First Crusade at Clermont in 1095.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Urban III (pope · 1185–1187)	The 172nd Bishop of Rome, 1185–1187.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Urban IV (pope · 1261–1264)	Instituted the feast of Corpus Christi for the whole Church, for which Thomas Aquinas is said to have composed the office.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Urban V (pope · 1362–1370)	The 200th Bishop of Rome, 1362–1370.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Urban VI (pope · 1378–1389)	His disputed election began the Western Schism.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Urban VII (pope · 1590)	The shortest pontificate, twelve days.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Urban VIII (pope · 1623–1644)	Consecrated the new St Peter's (1626); his pontificate saw Galileo's trial.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Valentine (pope · 827)	The 100th Bishop of Rome, 827.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Victor I (pope · 189–199)	The first Latin-speaking pope; he pressed the churches of Asia to keep Easter on Sunday and threatened to break communion with them, which Irenaeus urged him not to do (Eusebius V.24).	catena::core-authorities
Pope Victor II (pope · 1055–1057)	The 153rd Bishop of Rome, 1055–1057.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Victor III (pope · 1086–1087)	Desiderius, abbot of Monte Cassino.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Vigilius (pope · 537–555)	Summoned to Constantinople by Justinian; after long resistance he accepted the Second Council of Constantinople's condemnation of the Three Chapters.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Vitalian (pope · 657–672)	Sent Theodore of Tarsus to Canterbury.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Zachary (pope · 741–752)	The last Greek pope; translated Gregory the Great's Dialogues into Greek.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Zephyrinus (pope · 199–217)	Bishop during the disputes over the Trinity at Rome, when Hippolytus began his opposition; Callistus was his deacon.	catena::core-authorities
Pope Zosimus (pope · 417–418)	Briefly reopened Pelagius's case, then condemned him in the Tractoria.	catena::core-authorities
Sylvester IV (antipope) (antipope · 1105–1111)	Claimant to the See of Rome, 1105–1111, against Paschal II.	catena::core-authorities
Theodore (antipope) (antipope · 687)	Claimant to the See of Rome, 687, against Sergius I.	catena::core-authorities
Theodoric (antipope) (antipope · 1100–1101)	Claimant to the See of Rome, 1100–1101, against Paschal II.	catena::core-authorities
Ursinus (antipope) (antipope · 366–367)	Deacon elected by the faction opposed to Damasus; the contest was fought in the streets of Rome.	catena::core-authorities
Victor IV (1138) (antipope) (antipope · 1138)	Gregorio Conti, who submitted to Innocent II within two months.	catena::core-authorities
Victor IV (antipope) (antipope · 1159–1164)	Ottaviano de' Monticelli, Frederick Barbarossa's pope against Alexander III.	catena::core-authorities