1 Enoch (Jewish source · 3rd–1st c. BC)	A collection of Jewish apocalyptic writings attributed to Enoch, very popular among first-century Jews and quoted in the Letter of Jude. Its 'Parables' identify the Messiah with the Son of Man of Daniel 7.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
4 Ezra (Jewish source · c. AD 100)	A Jewish apocalypse written after the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70, preserved in the King James Apocrypha as 2 Esdras (where 4 Ezra 7:118 is 2 Esdras 7:48). It wrestles with the consequences of Adam's sin for all his descendants.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Babylonian Talmud (Jewish source · c. AD 500)	The Mishnah together with the rabbis' commentary on it (the Gemara), compiled in Babylonia; more than thirty volumes of law, debate and story.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Catechism of the Catholic Church (Magisterial · 1992)	The Church's official summary of doctrine, which Pitre cites at each step to show that the beliefs he is defending are the Church's, and that each rests on a belief about Christ.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Dead Sea Scrolls (Jewish source · 2nd c. BC–AD 70)	Manuscripts found near Qumran, the library of a Jewish community of Jesus' time. Pitre lists them among the Jewish sources outside the Bible that he draws on, and notes that the evidence for Mary's vow 'is not hidden in some obscure Dead Sea Scroll' but in Numbers 30.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Demetrius the Chronographer (Jewish source · 3rd c. BC)	A Jewish historian writing in Greek in Egypt, one of the earliest witnesses to Jewish readings of Genesis.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Ineffabilis Deus (Pius IX, 1854) (Magisterial · 1854)	Pius IX's definition of the Immaculate Conception. Pitre draws out its emphasis that Mary was preserved from sin by a 'singular grace' and 'in view of the merits of Jesus Christ' — which is why she can call God her Saviour.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Josephus (Jewish source · AD 37–c. 100)	A Jewish priest, Pharisee and historian who fought in the revolt against Rome and then wrote its history (the Jewish War) and a history of his people (the Antiquities) for Roman readers. He is the most important first-century witness to Jewish life outside the New Testament.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Life of Adam and Eve (Jewish source · 1st c. AD)	A Jewish retelling of the story of Adam and Eve after the fall, surviving in Greek and Latin versions. It fills in what Genesis leaves unsaid, including who the serpent really was.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Lumen Gentium (Vatican II, 1964) (Magisterial · 1964)	The Second Vatican Council's constitution on the Church, whose final chapter treats Mary as Mother of the Church and intercessor.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Midrash Rabbah (Jewish source · 5th–7th c. AD (with older traditions))	Rabbinic commentaries on the books of the Bible, gathering interpretations, homilies and stories, some of them much older than the compilation.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Mishnah (Jewish source · compiled c. AD 200 from rabbis of c. 50 BC–AD 200)	The first written collection of rabbinic law, arranged by topic. After the Bible it is the most authoritative witness to Jewish practice in the period around Jesus; the Tosefta is a companion collection.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Munificentissimus Deus (Pius XII, 1950) (Magisterial · 1950)	Pius XII's definition of the Assumption. Pitre notes that it cites Modestus of Jerusalem and John Damascene on the Ark of incorruptible wood as a type of Mary's body, and that it calls her 'Queen over all things.'	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Philo of Alexandria (Jewish source · c. 20 BC–AD 50)	A Jewish philosopher of Alexandria, a contemporary of Jesus, who wrote extensively on the Law of Moses and on Jewish communities of his day.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Pseudo-Philo (Jewish source · 1st c. AD)	An anonymous Jewish retelling of biblical history from Adam to David, once wrongly attributed to Philo. It is a witness to how first-century Jews read Genesis.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Septuagint (Jewish source · 3rd–2nd c. BC)	The Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures made in Alexandria, the Bible of Greek-speaking Jews and of the apostles; most Old Testament quotations in the New Testament follow it. It includes Wisdom, Sirach and the books of Maccabees. Pitre's method depends on it constantly, because the New Testament writers echo its Greek wording.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Sub tuum praesidium (Liturgical text · 3rd–4th c.)	The oldest known prayer to Mary, found on an Egyptian papyrus and still prayed today ('We fly to thy protection'). Pitre cites it as evidence that Christians asked for Mary's intercession, under the title Mother of God, before the Council of Ephesus. He does not name it; he quotes it as an anonymous Christian prayer.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Tacitus (Classical source · c. AD 56–120)	Roman historian. In his Histories he describes the Jews and the Temple at the time of Pompey's conquest in 63 BC.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Targums (Jewish source · written 1st–7th c. AD from older synagogue traditions)	Aramaic translations and paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible, read aloud in synagogues after Hebrew ceased to be the everyday language. They often expand the text with interpretation, and so preserve how ancient Jews understood it. Their exact dates are debated, which Pitre acknowledges.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
John Henry Newman (Modern scholar · 1801–1890)	Anglican scholar of the Fathers who became a Catholic and a cardinal; the nineteenth century's leading expert on patristic teaching about Mary.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities
Modern scholars Pitre cites (Modern scholar · 20th–21st c.)	Pitre repeatedly calls Protestant, Jewish and critical scholars as witnesses, so that his conclusions do not rest on Catholic authorities alone. This note gathers the ones he leans on most.	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-authorities