בְּנֵי־קִישׁ אֲחֵיהֶם (bene-Qish achehem · Hebrew)	'their brethren the sons of Kish' — the daughters of Eleazar marry the sons of Kish, their father's brother; first cousins are called 'brethren.' (1 Chronicles 23:21)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτῶν (hoi adelphoi autōn · Greek (LXX))	'their brothers' — again adelphoi for cousins. (1 Chronicles 23:21)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ (ho eschatos Adam · Greek)	'the last Adam' — Christ as the new head of humanity. (1 Corinthians 15:45)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν (pneuma zōopoioun · Greek)	'a quickening spirit' — the last Adam gives life where the first brought death. (1 Corinthians 15:45)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁ δεύτερος ἄνθρωπος ἐξ οὐρανοῦ (ho deuteros anthrōpos ex ouranou · Greek)	'the second man… from heaven' (v. 47). (1 Corinthians 15:45)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ναὸς τοῦ ἐν ὑμῖν ἁγίου πνεύματος (naos tou en hymin hagiou pneumatos · Greek)	'the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you' — the believer's body as a sanctuary. (1 Corinthians 6:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
οἱ ἀδελφοὶ τοῦ κυρίου (hoi adelphoi tou kyriou · Greek)	'the brethren of the Lord' — the group James belonged to (Galatians 1:19). (1 Corinthians 9:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀδελφὴν γυναῖκα (adelphēn gynaika · Greek)	'a sister, a wife' — 'sister' here means a fellow believer; the same verse shows kinship words used beyond blood. (1 Corinthians 9:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וַתִּקֹּד… וַתִּשְׁתַּחוּ לַמֶּלֶךְ (vattiqqod… vattishtachu lammelekh · Hebrew)	'Bathsheba bowed, and did obeisance unto the king' — as David's wife she bows to him. (1 Kings 1:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אֲדֹנִי (adoni · Hebrew)	'My lord' — the wife addresses the king as her lord, the ordinary court address to the Davidic king. (1 Kings 1:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וְשֵׁם אִמּוֹ מַעֲכָה (veshem immo Ma'akhah · Hebrew)	'his mother's name was Maachah' — the accession formula of the kings of Judah names the king's mother. (1 Kings 15:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
גְּבִירָה (gebirah · Hebrew)	'queen' — literally 'great lady,' the technical title of the queen mother in Judah (see also Jeremiah 13:18). (1 Kings 15:13)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מִפְלֶצֶת (mifletset · Hebrew)	'idol' — a 'horrid thing' made for Asherah; the reason Maachah is deposed. (1 Kings 15:13)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
לֹא־יָשִׁיב אֶת־פָּנָיִךְ (lo-yashiv et-panayikh · Hebrew)	'he will not say thee nay' — literally 'he will not turn away your face.' A petition brought by the queen mother is expected to be granted. (1 Kings 2:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
הֲשָׁלוֹם בֹּאֶךָ (hashalom bo'ekha · Hebrew)	'Comest thou peaceably?' (v. 13) — Bathsheba receives Adonijah as one who can grant an audience. (1 Kings 2:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וַיִּשְׁתַּחוּ לָהּ (vayyishtachu lah · Hebrew)	'bowed himself unto her' — the king bows to his mother, an honour he shows to no one else. (1 Kings 2:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
כִּסֵּא לְאֵם הַמֶּלֶךְ (kisse le'em hammelekh · Hebrew)	'a seat (throne) for the king's mother.' (1 Kings 2:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
לִימִינוֹ (liymino · Hebrew)	'on his right hand' — the place of highest honour beside the king (compare Psalm 45:9). (1 Kings 2:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
הֶעָנָן מָלֵא אֶת־בֵּית יְהוָה (he'anan male et-bet YHWH · Hebrew)	'the cloud filled the house of the LORD' — the same cloud that filled the tabernacle in Exodus 40. (1 Kings 8:10)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
כְּבוֹד יְהוָה (kevod YHWH · Hebrew)	'the glory of the LORD' — the visible presence that makes the temple God's dwelling. (1 Kings 8:10)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
לֶחֶם קֹדֶשׁ (lechem qodesh · Hebrew)	'hallowed bread' — the bread of the Presence, which only the priests may eat. (1 Samuel 21:4)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אִם־נִשְׁמְרוּ הַנְּעָרִים אַךְ מֵאִשָּׁה (im-nishmeru hanne'arim akh me'ishshah · Hebrew)	'if the young men have kept themselves at least from women' — abstinence is the condition for touching what is holy. (1 Samuel 21:4)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עַמּוּדֵי הַנְּחֹשֶׁת (ammudey hannechoshet · Hebrew)	'the pillars of brass' — the inventory of what Babylon carried off: pillars, bases, the bronze sea, pots, shovels, snuffers, spoons, firepans, bowls. (2 Kings 25:13)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אָרוֹן (aron · Hebrew)	'ark' — the word does not appear. The most sacred object in the temple is missing from the list. (2 Kings 25:13)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἄγνωστος ὁ τόπος (agnōstos ho topos · Greek)	'the place shall be unknown' (v. 7) — the hiding place of the Ark is sealed until God gathers his people. (2 Maccabees 2:4)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἡ δόξα τοῦ κυρίου καὶ ἡ νεφέλη (hē doxa tou kyriou kai hē nephelē · Greek)	'the glory of the Lord and the cloud' (v. 8) — the sign by which the returned Ark will be recognised, as at the tabernacle (Exodus 40:34–35) and the temple (1 Kings 8:10–11). (2 Maccabees 2:4)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
שְׁלֹשָׁה חֳדָשִׁים (sheloshah chodashim · Hebrew)	'three months.' The Septuagint has treis mēnas (τρεῖς μῆνας); Luke says Mary stayed with Elizabeth 'about three months' (mēnas treis, Luke 1:56). (2 Samuel 6:11)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בָּרַךְ (barakh · Hebrew)	'blessed' — the LORD blesses the house that shelters the ark; Elizabeth calls Mary 'blessed among women' and her own house is blessed by the visit. (2 Samuel 6:11)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בֵּרַךְ יְהוָה אֶת־בֵּית עֹבֵד אֱדֹם (berakh YHWH et-bet Oved Edom · Hebrew)	'the LORD hath blessed the house of Obed-edom' — the Ark brings blessing on the house that shelters it. (2 Samuel 6:12)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בְּשִׂמְחָה (besimchah · Hebrew)	'with gladness' — the second, successful procession is marked by joy. (2 Samuel 6:12)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מְכַרְכֵּר (mekharker · Hebrew)	'danced' (v. 14) — whirling; verse 16 adds 'leaping and dancing' (mefazzez u-mekharker). John the Baptist 'leaped' (eskirtēsen, Luke 1:41) in Elizabeth's womb. (2 Samuel 6:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
תְּרוּעָה (teruah · Hebrew)	'shouting' (v. 15) — a loud cry. The Septuagint has meta kraugēs (μετὰ κραυγῆς); Elizabeth cries out 'with a loud cry' (kraugē megalē, Luke 1:42). (2 Samuel 6:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בְּתוֹךְ הָאֹהֶל (betokh ha'ohel · Hebrew)	'in the midst of the tabernacle' — the tent David had pitched for the Ark in Jerusalem; the temple did not yet exist. (2 Samuel 6:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עֹלוֹת וּשְׁלָמִים (olot ushlamim · Hebrew)	'burnt offerings and peace offerings' — David consecrates the Ark's new home with sacrifice. (2 Samuel 6:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וַיָּקָם וַיֵּלֶךְ (vayyaqom vayyelekh · Hebrew)	'arose, and went.' The Septuagint has anestē kai eporeuthē (ἀνέστη καὶ ἐπορεύθη); Luke describes Mary with the same pair of verbs: 'Mary arose and went' (anastasa eporeuthē, Luke 1:39). (2 Samuel 6:2)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אֲרוֹן הָאֱלֹהִים (aron ha-Elohim · Hebrew)	'the ark of God' — the gold-covered chest of the covenant, the throne of God's presence. (2 Samuel 6:2)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עַד יוֹם מוֹתָהּ (ad yom motah · Hebrew)	'unto the day of her death' — Michal had no child 'until' she died; obviously she had none afterward either. (2 Samuel 6:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν αὐτήν (heōs tēs hēmeras tou apothanein autēn · Greek (LXX))	'until the day of her death' — the same heōs, 'until,' as Matthew 1:25, 'knew her not until she had brought forth.' (2 Samuel 6:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עֻזָּא (Uzzah · Hebrew)	the man who reaches out to steady the ark and dies for it. (2 Samuel 6:6)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
שַׁל (shal · Hebrew)	'error' (v. 7) — his irreverence or rashness. The holy things were not to be touched 'lest they die' (Numbers 4:15). (2 Samuel 6:6)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אֵיךְ יָבוֹא אֵלַי אֲרוֹן יְהוָה (eykh yavo elay aron YHWH · Hebrew)	'How shall the ark of the LORD come to me?' The Septuagint reads pōs eiseleusetai pros me hē kibōtos kyriou (πῶς εἰσελεύσεται πρός με ἡ κιβωτὸς κυρίου); Elizabeth says, 'Whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me (pros me)?' (Luke 1:43). (2 Samuel 6:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
זֶרַע (zera · Hebrew)	'seed' — David's offspring, whom God will raise up. (2 Samuel 7:12)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
כִּסֵּא מַמְלַכְתּוֹ (kisse mamlakhto · Hebrew)	'the throne of his kingdom.' (2 Samuel 7:12)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עַד־עוֹלָם (ad-olam · Hebrew)	'for ever' — the Davidic covenant is everlasting. (2 Samuel 7:12)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁμοθυμαδόν (homothymadon · Greek)	'with one accord' — united in prayer. (Acts 1:14)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Μαριὰμ τῇ μητρὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ (Mariam tē mētri tou Iēsou · Greek)	'Mary the mother of Jesus' — named in the upper room before Pentecost. (Acts 1:14)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς αὐτοῦ (tois adelphois autou · Greek)	'his brethren' — listed separately from Mary, not as her sons. (Acts 1:14)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀνέστησεν (anestēsen · Greek)	'raised up' — the resurrection. (Acts 2:32)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τῇ δεξιᾷ τοῦ θεοῦ ὑψωθείς (tē dexia tou theou hypsōtheis · Greek)	'by the right hand of God exalted' — enthroned at God's right hand, as Joseph was set at Pharaoh's (Genesis 41:40). (Acts 2:32)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מְאֹרָשָׂה (me'orasah · Hebrew)	'betrothed.' Jewish betrothal (erusin) was a legal marriage, awaiting only the bride's move into her husband's home. (Deuteronomy 22:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אֵשֶׁת רֵעֵהוּ (eshet re'ehu · Hebrew)	'his neighbour's wife' (v. 24) — the betrothed virgin is already called a wife, and violating her is adultery. (Deuteronomy 22:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
μεμνηστευμένη (memnēsteumenē · Greek (LXX))	'betrothed' — the same verb (mnēsteuō) Luke uses of Mary: 'a virgin betrothed to a man named Joseph' (Luke 1:27). (Deuteronomy 22:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
הַנַּעֲרָ הַמְאֹרָשָׂה (hanna'ara hame'orasah · Hebrew)	'the betrothed damsel' — betrothed, yet already treated as a wife: the man who violates her dies as for adultery. (Deuteronomy 22:25)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
כַּאֲשֶׁר יָקוּם אִישׁ עַל־רֵעֵהוּ וּרְצָחוֹ (ka'asher yaqum ish al-re'ehu uretsacho · Hebrew)	'as when a man riseth against his neighbour, and slayeth him' — the violation of a betrothed woman is put on the level of murder. (Deuteronomy 22:25)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
יְדִיד יְהוָה (yedid YHWH · Hebrew)	'the beloved of the LORD' — Moses' blessing on the tribe of Benjamin. (Deuteronomy 33:12)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἠγαπημένος (ēgapēmenos · Greek (LXX))	'beloved,' from agapaō — the verb John uses of himself: 'the disciple whom Jesus loved' (hon ēgapa ho Iēsous, John 13:23). (Deuteronomy 33:12)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אַל־תִּגְּשׁוּ אֶל־אִשָּׁה (al-tiggeshu el-ishshah · Hebrew)	'come not at your wives' — abstain from relations for three days before God descends on Sinai. (Exodus 19:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עֵדֻת (edut · Hebrew)	'the testimony' — the two tablets of the Ten Commandments, 'written with the finger of God' (Exodus 31:18). (Exodus 25:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אָרוֹן (aron · Hebrew)	'ark' — simply a box or chest; the Ark is first of all the container of God's word. (Exodus 25:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וְנוֹעַדְתִּי לְךָ שָׁם (veno'adti lekha sham · Hebrew)	'there I will meet with thee' — the Ark is the appointed place of encounter with God. (Exodus 25:22)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
כַּפֹּרֶת (kapporet · Hebrew)	'mercy seat' — the gold lid of the Ark, between the cherubim, from which God speaks. (Exodus 25:22)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
כְּרֻבִים (keruvim · Hebrew)	'cherubims' — two golden angel statues that God himself commands (25:18). (Exodus 25:22)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עֲצֵי שִׁטִּים (atsey shittim · Hebrew)	'shittim wood' — acacia, a hard, durable desert wood regarded as sacred in Egypt. (Exodus 25:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ξύλα ἄσηπτα (xyla asēpta · Greek (LXX))	'incorruptible wood' — the Greek translators rendered acacia as wood that does not rot. Josephus says the same: the ark was of wood 'naturally strong and could not be corrupted' (Antiquities 3.134). (Exodus 25:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מִקְדָּשׁ (miqdash · Hebrew)	'sanctuary,' a holy place set apart. (Exodus 25:8)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
שָׁכַן (shakan · Hebrew)	'dwell.' The root of mishkan (tabernacle) and of the later term Shekinah for God's dwelling presence — and the verb used of the cloud that 'abode' on the tabernacle (Exodus 40:35). (Exodus 25:8)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
זָהָב טָהוֹר (zahav tahor · Hebrew)	'pure gold' (v. 11), laid over the ark 'within and without' — pure on the inside as well as the outside. (Exodus 25:8)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עָנָן (anan · Hebrew)	'cloud' — the visible sign of God's presence throughout the Exodus. (Exodus 40:34)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
כָּבוֹד (kavod · Hebrew)	'glory' — the weighty, radiant presence of the LORD that fills the tabernacle. (Exodus 40:34)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
שָׁכַן (shakan · Hebrew)	'abode' (v. 35) — the cloud 'settled' or 'dwelt' upon the tent; the root behind Shekinah. (Exodus 40:34)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐπισκιάζω (episkiazō · Greek (LXX))	'overshadow' — the Greek Old Testament's word for the cloud that 'overshadowed' the tabernacle (v. 35). Gabriel uses exactly this verb of Mary: 'the power of the Most High will overshadow you' (Luke 1:35). (Exodus 40:34)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וַיֵּצֵא כְּבוֹד יְהוָה (vayyetse kevod YHWH · Hebrew)	'the glory of the LORD departed' — the presence leaves the temple before Babylon destroys it. (Ezekiel 10:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מִפְתַּן הַבַּיִת (miftan habbayit · Hebrew)	'the threshold of the house' — the glory pauses at the door, then rides away on the cherubim. (Ezekiel 10:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אֵיבַת עוֹלָם (eybat olam · Hebrew)	'the old hatred' — literally 'perpetual enmity,' the same word eybah as in Genesis 3:15, here describing the Philistines' murderous vengeance against Judah. (Ezekiel 25:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Ἰάκωβον τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ κυρίου (Iakōbon ton adelphon tou kyriou · Greek)	'James the Lord's brother' — the title of the first bishop of Jerusalem. (Galatians 1:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בְּרֵאשִׁית (bereshit · Hebrew)	'In the beginning' — the first word of the Bible. (Genesis 1:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐν ἀρχῇ (en archē · Greek (LXX))	'in the beginning' — John opens his Gospel with exactly these words (John 1:1). (Genesis 1:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
טוֹב מְאֹד (tov me'od · Hebrew)	'very good.' Not merely well-made but morally good; the same word tov describes what is right and pleasing to God. The Septuagint renders it kala lian (καλὰ λίαν). (Genesis 1:31)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אָכֹל תֹּאכֵל (akhol tokhel · Hebrew)	'thou mayest freely eat' — an emphatic Hebrew idiom; every tree, including the tree of life, is open to them. (Genesis 2:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מוֹת תָּמוּת (mot tamut · Hebrew)	'thou shalt surely die' (v. 17) — the same emphatic form; death is the consequence of eating the forbidden tree. (Genesis 2:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אִשָּׁה (ishshah · Hebrew)	'Woman,' formed from ish (אִישׁ), 'man.' Before the fall she has no personal name — she is simply 'Woman.' (Genesis 2:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
γυνή (gynē · Greek (LXX))	'woman' — the same word Jesus uses when he addresses his mother as 'Woman' (gynai) at Cana and the cross. (Genesis 2:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עֵץ הַחַיִּים (ets hachayyim · Hebrew)	'the tree of life' in the midst of the garden. (Genesis 2:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עֵץ הַדַּעַת טוֹב וָרָע (ets hadda'at tov vara · Hebrew)	'the tree of knowledge of good and evil' — the one tree forbidden. (Genesis 2:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
רָחֵל (Rachel · Hebrew)	'Rachel' — the name means 'ewe,' a female sheep. (Genesis 29:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
יְפַת־תֹּאַר וִיפַת מַרְאֶה (yefat-to'ar vifat mar'eh · Hebrew)	'beautiful and well favoured' — beautiful in form and appearance. (Genesis 29:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וַיֶּאֱהַב יַעֲקֹב אֶת־רָחֵל (vayye'ehav Ya'aqov et-Rachel · Hebrew)	'Jacob loved Rachel' — seven years of service 'seemed unto him but a few days.' (Genesis 29:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
שְׂנוּאָה (senu'ah · Hebrew)	'hated' — in Hebrew idiom, 'loved less' (compare Deuteronomy 21:15). Leah is the less-loved wife; Rachel the beloved. (Genesis 29:31)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עֲקָרָה (aqarah · Hebrew)	'barren.' Rachel joins Sarah and Rebekah as the beloved but childless matriarch whose womb only God can open. (Genesis 29:31)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
נָחָשׁ (nachash · Hebrew)	'serpent.' Revelation 12:9 later unmasks him as 'that ancient serpent, called the Devil and Satan.' (Genesis 3:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עָרוּם (arum · Hebrew)	'subtil,' crafty — a deliberate pun on arummim (עֲרוּמִּים), 'naked,' in the previous verse (2:25). The naked couple meet the cunning serpent. (Genesis 3:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אָרוּר (arur · Hebrew)	'cursed.' The serpent is the only creature in Genesis 3 to be cursed directly; the man and woman are not. (Genesis 3:14)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אֵיבָה (eybah · Hebrew)	'enmity' (v. 15) — hostility to the death; see Numbers 35:21 and Ezekiel 25:15 for the same word in contexts of murder and war. (Genesis 3:14)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אֵיבָה (eybah · Hebrew)	'enmity' — lethal hostility, the language of blood-feud and war (Numbers 35:21; Ezekiel 25:15). (Genesis 3:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
זֶרַע (zera · Hebrew)	'seed' — offspring. Greek sperma (σπέρμα); the same word Revelation 12:17 uses for 'the rest of her seed.' (Genesis 3:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
שׁוּף (shuph · Hebrew)	'bruise' or 'crush' — used of both blows, but a crushed head is fatal while a bruised heel is not. (Genesis 3:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
αὐτός (autos · Greek (LXX))	'he' — the Greek translators used a masculine pronoun for the seed, reading the verse as pointing to an individual son of the woman (the Latin Vulgate's ipsa, 'she,' produced the familiar image of Mary crushing the serpent). (Genesis 3:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עִצָּבוֹן (itstsabon · Hebrew)	'sorrow,' painful toil; the same word is used of Adam's labour in the soil (3:17). Pain in childbearing is a consequence of the fall, not part of the original design. (Genesis 3:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
λύπη (lypē · Greek (LXX))	'pain, grief' — the word Jesus uses in John 16:20–21 for the woman's sorrow in labour that turns to joy. (Genesis 3:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
חַוָּה (Chavvah · Hebrew)	'Eve,' from the root chay (חַי), 'living.' Her name is a title: life-giver. (Genesis 3:20)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Ζωή (Zōē · Greek (LXX))	'Life' — the Septuagint translates her name outright: 'Adam called his wife's name Life, because she is the mother of all the living.' (Genesis 3:20)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עֵץ הַחַיִּים (ets hachayyim · Hebrew)	'the tree of life' — the tree whose fruit gives unending life; the couple had been free to eat of it (2:16). (Genesis 3:22)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וָחַי לְעֹלָם (vachay le'olam · Hebrew)	'and live for ever' — what Adam and Eve forfeit by being barred from the tree. (Genesis 3:22)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עִמָּהּ (immah · Hebrew)	'with her' — Adam is standing beside Eve when she eats; the text says she gave the fruit 'unto her husband with her.' (Genesis 3:6)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
נֶחְמָד (nechmad · Hebrew)	'to be desired' — the tree was desired 'to make one wise'; the sin is a grasping at wisdom apart from God. (Genesis 3:6)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וַתְּקַנֵּא רָחֵל בַּאֲחֹתָהּ (vatteqanne Rachel ba'achotah · Hebrew)	'Rachel envied her sister' — the rivalry with Leah. (Genesis 30:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
הָבָה־לִּי בָנִים וְאִם־אַיִן מֵתָה אָנֹכִי (havah-li vanim ve'im-ayin metah anokhi · Hebrew)	'Give me children, or else I die' — her sorrow at barrenness; she will in fact die giving birth to her second son. (Genesis 30:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
זָכַר (zakar · Hebrew)	'remembered.' When God 'remembers' someone in Scripture he acts to save (Noah, Genesis 8:1; Hannah, 1 Samuel 1:19). (Genesis 30:22)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
יוֹסֵף (Yosef · Hebrew)	'Joseph,' meaning 'may he add.' Rachel names him with a prayer for 'another son' — a prayer answered in Benjamin, whose birth costs her life. (Genesis 30:22)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אַחַי וְאַחֶיךָ (achay ve'achekha · Hebrew)	'my brethren and thy brethren' — Jacob's 'brethren' here are Laban's sons, his cousins; ach covers kin well beyond blood brothers. (Genesis 31:36)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀδελφῶν μου καὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν σου (adelphōn mou kai tōn adelphōn sou · Greek (LXX))	'my brothers and your brothers' — the Septuagint keeps adelphos, 'brother,' for these cousins. (Genesis 31:36)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וַתְּקַשׁ בְּלִדְתָּהּ (vatteqash belidtah · Hebrew)	'she had hard labour' — literally, 'it was hard in her giving birth.' Rachel's second birth is the birth of sorrow. (Genesis 35:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אֶפְרָת (Ephrath · Hebrew)	the old name of Bethlehem (v. 19; Micah 5:2 'Bethlehem Ephratah'). (Genesis 35:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בְּצֵאת נַפְשָׁהּ (betset nafshah · Hebrew)	'as her soul was departing.' Nefesh is soul or life-breath; the Septuagint has psychē (ψυχή), the same word Simeon uses when he tells Mary a sword will pierce her soul (Luke 2:35). (Genesis 35:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בֶּן־אוֹנִי (Ben-oni · Hebrew)	'son of my sorrow.' The Septuagint translates it 'son of my pain' (υἱὸς ὀδύνης μου). (Genesis 35:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בִּנְיָמִין (Binyamin · Hebrew)	'Benjamin,' 'son of the right hand' — the father renames the child of sorrow as the son of honour. (Genesis 35:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בֵּית לָחֶם (Beth-lechem · Hebrew)	'Bethlehem,' literally 'house of bread' — the birthplace of David, of the Messiah, and the site of Rachel's tomb. (Genesis 35:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מַצֵּבָה (matsevah · Hebrew)	'a pillar' — the standing stone Jacob sets on Rachel's grave. (Genesis 35:20)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עַד־הַיּוֹם (ad-hayyom · Hebrew)	'unto this day' — the site was still known when Genesis was written, and Demetrius (3rd c. BC) and Matthew still place it at Bethlehem. (Genesis 35:20)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עֶשְׂרִים כָּסֶף (esrim kasef · Hebrew)	'twenty pieces of silver' (v. 28) — the price of the beloved son. (Genesis 37:25)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
יְהוּדָה (Yehudah · Hebrew)	'Judah' (v. 26), the brother who proposes selling Joseph. In Greek the name is Ioudas (Ἰούδας) — the same name as Judas, who sells Jesus for silver. (Genesis 37:25)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אָהַב אֶת־יוֹסֵף מִכָּל־בָּנָיו (ahav et-Yosef mikkol-banav · Hebrew)	'Israel loved Joseph more than all his children' — the beloved son, because he was the firstborn of the beloved wife. (Genesis 37:3)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
כְּתֹנֶת פַּסִּים (ketonet passim · Hebrew)	'a coat of many colours' — the sign of favour that provokes the brothers' hatred. (Genesis 37:3)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְהַיָּרֵחַ וְאַחַד עָשָׂר כּוֹכָבִים (hashemesh vehayyareach ve'achad asar kokhavim · Hebrew)	'the sun and the moon and the eleven stars' — which Jacob himself decodes: 'I and thy mother and thy brethren' (v. 10). The moon is Rachel. (Genesis 37:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מִשְׁתַּחֲוִים (mishtachavim · Hebrew)	'made obeisance' — the whole family bows to Joseph, as Egypt will. (Genesis 37:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
שָׁמַר אֶת־הַדָּבָר (shamar et-haddavar · Hebrew)	'his father observed the saying' (v. 11) — kept it in mind; compare Mary, who 'kept all these things' (Luke 2:19, 51). (Genesis 37:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
יָדַע (yada · Hebrew)	'knew' — the biblical euphemism for marital relations; Adam 'knew' Eve and she conceived. (Genesis 4:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἔγνω (egnō · Greek (LXX))	'knew' — the same verb Mary uses in the negative: 'I know not (ou ginōskō) a man' (Luke 1:34). (Genesis 4:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
חַטָּאת רֹבֵץ (chattat rovets · Hebrew)	'sin lieth' — literally sin 'crouches' at the door like a beast waiting to spring. (Genesis 4:7)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
תִּמְשָׁל־בּוֹ (timshol-bo · Hebrew)	'thou shalt rule over him' — Cain must master the beast. (Genesis 4:7)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וַיָּשֶׁב אֶת־שַׂר הַמַּשְׁקִים (vayyashev et-sar hammashqim · Hebrew)	'he restored the chief butler' — one condemned man is restored to life and honour. (Genesis 40:20)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
תָּלָה (talah · Hebrew)	'hanged' — the other condemned man is executed. (Genesis 40:20)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וְלֹא־זָכַר… וַיִּשְׁכָּחֵהוּ (velo-zakhar… vayyishkachehu · Hebrew)	'yet did not the chief butler remember Joseph, but forgat him' — contrast the thief who asks Jesus, 'remember me' (Luke 23:42). (Genesis 40:20)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
כִּסֵּא (kisse · Hebrew)	'throne.' Only in the throne is Pharaoh greater — Joseph is raised to the second place in the kingdom, effectively at the king's right hand. (Genesis 41:40)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
שְׁלֹשִׁים שָׁנָה (sheloshim shanah · Hebrew)	'thirty years old' (41:46) — Joseph's age when he stands before Pharaoh; Jesus is 'about thirty' when he begins his ministry (Luke 3:23). (Genesis 41:40)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בֶּן־שְׁלֹשִׁים שָׁנָה (ben-sheloshim shanah · Hebrew)	'thirty years old' — Joseph's age when he enters Pharaoh's service. (Genesis 41:46)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אֲשֶׁר־יֹאמַר לָכֶם תַּעֲשׂוּ (asher-yomar lakhem ta'asu · Hebrew)	'what he saith to you, do' — Pharaoh's command about Joseph. (Genesis 41:55)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὃ ἐὰν εἴπῃ ὑμῖν ποιήσατε (ho ean eipē hymin poiēsate · Greek (LXX))	'whatever he says to you, do' — Mary's words at Cana, 'Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it' (John 2:5), echo this sentence almost exactly. (Genesis 41:55)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
כָל־הָאָרֶץ בָּאוּ מִצְרַיְמָה (khol-ha'arets ba'u Mitsraymah · Hebrew)	'all countries came into Egypt' — Joseph feeds not only Israel but the nations. (Genesis 41:55)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וְהֵם לֹא הִכִּרֻהוּ (vehem lo hikkiruhu · Hebrew)	'but they knew not him' — the brothers do not recognise the exalted Joseph. (Genesis 42:8)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
οὐκ ἐπέγνωσαν (ouk epegnōsan · Greek (LXX))	'did not recognise' — on the Emmaus road the disciples' eyes 'were holden that they should not know him' (Luke 24:16, epignōnai). (Genesis 42:8)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
הַבְּכֹר כִּבְכֹרָתוֹ וְהַצָּעִיר כִּצְעִרָתוֹ (habbekhor kivkhorato vehatsa'ir kits'irato · Hebrew)	'the firstborn according to his birthright, and the youngest according to his youth' — Joseph seats his brothers in order at his banquet. (Genesis 43:33)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
חָמֵשׁ יָדוֹת (chamesh yadot · Hebrew)	'five times so much' — Benjamin, the youngest and Rachel's other son, receives the portion of special honour. (Genesis 43:33)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אַתֶּם חֲשַׁבְתֶּם עָלַי רָעָה אֱלֹהִים חֲשָׁבָהּ לְטֹבָה (attem chashavtem alay ra'ah, Elohim chashavah letovah · Hebrew)	'ye thought evil against me; but God meant it unto good' — the same verb, 'meant,' for the brothers' plot and God's plan. (Genesis 50:20)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
לְהַחֲיֹת עַם־רָב (lehachayot am-rav · Hebrew)	'to save much people alive' — Joseph's suffering becomes the salvation of Israel and the nations. (Genesis 50:20)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
πνεύμασι δικαίων τετελειωμένων (pneumasi dikaiōn teteleiōmenōn · Greek)	'the spirits of just men made perfect' — the righteous in heaven are already without sin. (Hebrews 12:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
χωρὶς ἁμαρτίας (chōris hamartias · Greek)	'yet without sin' — Jesus, tempted in every way, is sinless. (Hebrews 4:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης (kibōtos tēs diathēkēs · Greek)	'the ark of the covenant' — the same phrase as 'the ark of his testament' in Revelation 11:19. (Hebrews 9:4)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
στάμνος χρυσῆ ἔχουσα τὸ μάννα (stamnos chrysē echousa to manna · Greek)	'the golden pot that had manna' — the bread from heaven. (Hebrews 9:4)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἡ ῥάβδος Ἀαρὼν ἡ βλαστήσασα (hē rhabdos Aarōn hē blastēsasa · Greek)	'Aaron's rod that budded' — the sign of the priesthood. (Hebrews 9:4)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
αἱ πλάκες τῆς διαθήκης (hai plakes tēs diathēkēs · Greek)	'the tables of the covenant' — the word of God on stone. (Hebrews 9:4)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
חִיל (chil · Hebrew)	'travail' — the writhing of labour pains. (Isaiah 26:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὠδίνουσα (ōdinousa · Greek (LXX))	'in birth pangs' — from ōdin (ὠδίν), the word for the 'birth pangs' in Mark 13:8 and for the Woman 'travailing in birth' in Revelation 12:2. (Isaiah 26:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
יִחְיוּ מֵתֶיךָ (yichyu metekha · Hebrew)	'thy dead men shall live' (v. 19) — the labour issues in resurrection. (Isaiah 26:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אִישׁ מַכְאֹבוֹת (ish makh'ovot · Hebrew)	'a man of sorrows' (v. 3) — the Suffering Servant; Pitre cites the phrase as 53:4 (p 134). (Isaiah 53:3)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
חֳלָיֵנוּ הוּא נָשָׂא (cholayenu hu nasa · Hebrew)	'he hath borne our griefs' (v. 4) — the Servant takes the pains of others on himself. (Isaiah 53:3)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
שָׁמַיִם חֲדָשִׁים וָאָרֶץ חֲדָשָׁה (shamayim chadashim va'arets chadashah · Hebrew)	'new heavens and a new earth' — the oracle of the new creation that immediately precedes the painless birth of 66:7. (Isaiah 65:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
לֹא יִיגְעוּ לָרִיק (lo yig'u lariq · Hebrew)	'They shall not labour in vain' — the reversal of Adam's toil (Genesis 3:17–19). (Isaiah 65:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וְלֹא יֵלְדוּ לַבֶּהָלָה (velo yeledu labbehalah · Hebrew)	'nor bring forth for trouble' — the reversal of Eve's painful childbearing (Genesis 3:16). (Isaiah 65:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
קוֹל מֵהֵיכָל (qol meheykhal · Hebrew)	'a voice from the temple' — the LORD speaks from his sanctuary as the birth of verse 7 is announced. (Isaiah 66:6)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
φωνὴ ἐκ ναοῦ (phōnē ek naou · Greek (LXX))	'a voice from the temple' — Revelation 11:19 opens the temple in heaven, and 'voices' sound before the Woman in labour appears. (Isaiah 66:6)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בְּטֶרֶם תָּחִיל יָלָדָה (beterem tachil yaladah · Hebrew)	'before she travailed, she brought forth' — a birth that comes before any labour pain. (Isaiah 66:7)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
זָכָר (zakar · Hebrew)	'a man child' — a male son. The Septuagint has arsen (ἄρσεν), the same word Revelation 12:5 uses for the Woman's 'male child.' (Isaiah 66:7)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מִי־שָׁמַע כָּזֹאת (mi-shama kazot · Hebrew)	'Who hath heard such a thing?' — the birth is unprecedented. (Isaiah 66:8)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
חָלָה גַּם־יָלְדָה צִיּוֹן אֶת־בָּנֶיהָ (chalah gam-yaledah Tsiyyon et-baneha · Hebrew)	'as soon as Zion travailed, she brought forth her children' — here the mother is the city and the children are a people. (Isaiah 66:8)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עַלְמָה (almah · Hebrew)	'virgin' — a young woman of marriageable age; in the Bible the word never clearly refers to a married woman. (Isaiah 7:14)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
παρθένος (parthenos · Greek (LXX))	'virgin' — the Greek translators (two centuries before Christ) chose the unambiguous word for a virgin, and Matthew 1:23 quotes their rendering. (Isaiah 7:14)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עִמָּנוּ אֵל (Immanu El · Hebrew)	'God with us' — the child's name declares that in him God himself is present. (Isaiah 7:14)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
εὔχεσθε ὑπὲρ ἀλλήλων (euchesthe hyper allēlōn · Greek)	'pray one for another' — Christians are commanded to intercede for each other. (James 5:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη (deēsis dikaiou energoumenē · Greek)	'the effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man' — the prayer of the righteous has power. (James 5:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
הַמֶּלֶךְ וְהַגְּבִירָה (hammelekh vehaggevirah · Hebrew)	'the king and the queen' — literally 'the king and the great lady,' the queen mother (RSV: 'the king and the queen mother'). Addressed to Jehoiachin and his mother Nehushta (2 Kings 24:8). (Jeremiah 13:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עֲטֶרֶת (ateret · Hebrew)	'crown' — the queen mother wears a crown of glory alongside the king. (Jeremiah 13:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
יֻלַּד־לְךָ בֵּן זָכָר (yullad-lekha ben zakhar · Hebrew)	'A man child is born unto thee' — the birth announcement Jeremiah curses, before wishing his mother's womb had been his grave (v. 17). (Jeremiah 20:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
רֶחֶם (rechem · Hebrew)	'womb.' (Jeremiah 20:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
קֶבֶר (qever · Hebrew)	'grave' — Jeremiah wishes his mother's womb had been his tomb; womb and tomb are set side by side. (Jeremiah 20:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אֲרוֹן בְּרִית־יְהוָה (aron berit-YHWH · Hebrew)	'the ark of the covenant of the LORD.' (Jeremiah 3:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וְלֹא יִפְקֹדוּ (velo yifqodu · Hebrew)	'neither shall they visit it' — better, 'they shall not miss it'; in the coming age the Ark will not even be looked for. (Jeremiah 3:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
רָמָה (Ramah · Hebrew)	the town north of Jerusalem where the exiles were gathered for deportation (Jeremiah 40:1); near it, by one tradition, lay Rachel's tomb. (Jeremiah 31:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
רָחֵל מְבַכָּה (Rachel mevakkah · Hebrew)	'Rachel weeping' — the long-dead matriarch weeps from her grave for the children of Israel going into exile. (Jeremiah 31:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מֵאֲנָה לְהִנָּחֵם (me'anah lehinnachem · Hebrew)	'refuseth to be comforted' — inconsolable grief. (Jeremiah 31:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
יֵשׁ שָׂכָר לִפְעֻלָּתֵךְ (yesh sakhar lif'ullatekh · Hebrew)	'thy work shall be rewarded' — Rachel's weeping is treated as labour on behalf of her children. (Jeremiah 31:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
יֵשׁ־תִּקְוָה לְאַחֲרִיתֵךְ (yesh-tiqvah le'acharitekh · Hebrew)	'there is hope in thine end' (v. 17) — God's reply to the mother's tears. (Jeremiah 31:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וְיֵשׁ־תִּקְוָה לְאַחֲרִיתֵךְ (veyesh-tiqvah le'acharitekh · Hebrew)	'there is hope in thine end' — God's answer to Rachel's weeping. (Jeremiah 31:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וְשָׁבוּ בָנִים לִגְבוּלָם (veshavu vanim ligvulam · Hebrew)	'thy children shall come again to their own border' — the exiles will return. (Jeremiah 31:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מְלֶכֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם (meleket hashamayim · Hebrew)	'the queen of heaven' — the goddess, as in 7:18. (Jeremiah 44:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
קִטֵּר (qitter · Hebrew)	'burn incense' — a sacrificial act of worship. (Jeremiah 44:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
נְסָכִים (nesakhim · Hebrew)	'drink offerings' — libations poured out to the goddess. (Jeremiah 44:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
βασίλισσα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ (basilissa tou ouranou · Greek (LXX))	'queen of heaven' (LXX 51:18). Epiphanius quotes this verse against the Collyridians, who offered bread to Mary (p 88) — the same text the Baptist pastor used on Pitre. (Jeremiah 44:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
עָרֵי יְהוּדָה (arey Yehudah · Hebrew)	'the cities of Judah' — the idolatry is happening inside the covenant people, not among foreigners. (Jeremiah 7:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מְלֶכֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם (meleket hashamayim · Hebrew)	'the queen of heaven' — a pagan goddess, probably Ishtar/Astarte, worshiped with sacrifice. (Jeremiah 7:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
כַּוָּנִים (kavvanim · Hebrew)	'cakes' — a loanword for the cult cakes offered to the goddess; the whole family bakes them as an act of worship. (Jeremiah 7:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Ἐν ἀρχῇ (en archē · Greek)	'In the beginning' — the Septuagint's opening words of Genesis 1:1. (John 1:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁ λόγος (ho logos · Greek)	'the Word' — who will be made flesh (1:14) in the womb of Mary. (John 1:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
εἰς τὰ ἴδια ἦλθεν (eis ta idia ēlthen · Greek)	'He came unto his own' — ta idia, 'his own things,' means his own people and home, not a house. (John 1:11)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
οἱ ἴδιοι (hoi idioi · Greek)	'his own' — his own people. (John 1:11)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τέκνα θεοῦ (tekna theou · Greek)	'the sons of God' — literally 'children of God.' (John 1:12)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
οὐκ ἐξ αἱμάτων (ouk ex haimatōn · Greek)	'not of blood' (v. 13) — divine sonship does not come by physical descent. (John 1:12)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐκ θεοῦ ἐγεννήθησαν (ek theou egennēthēsan · Greek)	'born of God' — a spiritual birth. (John 1:12)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (ho logos sarx egeneto · Greek)	'the Word was made flesh.' (John 1:14)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐσκήνωσεν ἐν ἡμῖν (eskēnōsen en hēmin · Greek)	'dwelt among us' — literally 'pitched his tent' or 'tabernacled' among us, from skēnē (tent, tabernacle). (John 1:14)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
δόξα (doxa · Greek)	'glory' — the glory that once filled the tabernacle (Exodus 40:34). (John 1:14)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τῇ ἐπαύριον (tē epaurion · Greek)	'the next day' — repeated at 1:29, 1:35 and 1:43, so that four days pass before Cana. (John 1:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ (tē hēmera tē tritē · Greek)	'on the third day' (2:1) — counted from the fourth day, the wedding falls on day seven. (John 1:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τὰ τέκνα τοῦ θεοῦ τὰ διεσκορπισμένα (ta tekna tou theou ta dieskorpismena · Greek)	'the children of God that were scattered abroad' — the family that Jesus' death gathers. (John 11:52)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
συναγάγῃ εἰς ἕν (synagagē eis hen · Greek)	'gather together in one' — the Church is born from the death of Jesus. (John 11:52)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
κρίσις (krisis · Greek)	'judgment' — the decisive verdict of the cross. (John 12:31)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁ ἄρχων τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (ho archōn tou kosmou toutou · Greek)	'the prince of this world' — Satan, the serpent of Genesis 3. (John 12:31)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐκβληθήσεται ἔξω (ekblēthēsetai exō · Greek)	'shall be cast out' — driven out, defeated. (John 12:31)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς (hon ēgapa ho Iēsous · Greek)	'whom Jesus loved' — the beloved disciple; Benjamin was 'the beloved of the LORD' (ēgapēmenos, Deuteronomy 33:12 LXX). (John 13:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐν τῷ κόλπῳ (en tō kolpō · Greek)	'on Jesus' bosom' — the place of intimacy, as the Son is 'in the bosom of the Father' (1:18). (John 13:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
μαθηταί (mathētai · Greek)	'disciples' — to bear fruit is to prove oneself a disciple. (John 15:8)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
κἀγὼ ὑμᾶς ἠγάπησα (kagō hymas ēgapēsa · Greek)	'so have I loved you' — every disciple is a disciple whom Jesus loves. (John 15:8)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
μικρόν (mikron · Greek)	'a little while' — the interval of the passion, between seeing him no more and seeing him again. (John 16:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐν παροιμίαις (en paroimiais · Greek)	'in proverbs' (16:25) — Jesus says he has been speaking in figures; the woman in labour is one of them. (John 16:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
κλαύσετε καὶ θρηνήσετε (klausete kai thrēnēsete · Greek)	'ye shall weep and lament' — the grief of the passion. (John 16:20)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἡ λύπη ὑμῶν εἰς χαρὰν γενήσεται (hē lypē hymōn eis charan genēsetai · Greek)	'your sorrow shall be turned into joy' — lypē is the Septuagint's word for the pain of childbirth in Genesis 3:16. (John 16:20)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἡ γυνή (hē gynē · Greek)	'a woman' — literally 'the woman,' the same word Jesus uses for his mother at Cana and the cross. (John 16:21)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα αὐτῆς (ēlthen hē hōra autēs · Greek)	'her hour is come' — 'hour' is John's word for the passion (2:4; 12:23; 13:1). (John 16:21)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
θλῖψις (thlipsis · Greek)	'anguish' — tribulation, the word for the messianic woes. (John 16:21)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐγεννήθη ἄνθρωπος εἰς τὸν κόσμον (egennēthē anthrōpos eis ton kosmon · Greek)	'a man is born into the world' — new life comes out of the pain. (John 16:21)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἔλαβον τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ (elabon ta himatia autou · Greek)	'took his garments' — the soldiers strip him of his last possessions. (John 19:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
χιτὼν ἄραφος (chitōn araphos · Greek)	'the coat… without seam' — woven in one piece, for which they cast lots (Psalm 22:18). (John 19:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
εἱστήκεισαν παρὰ τῷ σταυρῷ (heistēkeisan para tō staurō · Greek)	'stood by the cross' — Mary stands beside her Son at the tree, as Eve stood with Adam at the tree (Genesis 3:6). (John 19:25)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Μαρία ἡ τοῦ Κλωπᾶ (Maria hē tou Klōpa · Greek)	'Mary the wife of Cleophas' — 'Mary of Clopas,' by early tradition (Hegesippus) the wife of Joseph's brother, and so the 'other Mary,' mother of James and Joses. (John 19:25)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
γύναι (gynai · Greek)	'Woman' — the second and last time Jesus so addresses his mother, sealing her identity as the New Eve. (John 19:26)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἴδε ὁ υἱός σου (ide ho huios sou · Greek)	'behold thy son' — a formula of adoption; Mary is given a new son. (John 19:26)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁ μαθητὴς… ὃν ἠγάπα (ho mathētēs… hon ēgapa · Greek)	'the disciple… whom he loved' — the beloved disciple, the new Benjamin. (John 19:26)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἴδε ἡ μήτηρ σου (ide hē mētēr sou · Greek)	'Behold thy mother' — the disciple is given Mary as mother. (John 19:27)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνης τῆς ὥρας (ap' ekeinēs tēs hōras · Greek)	'from that hour' — the 'hour' of the passion. (John 19:27)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
εἰς τὰ ἴδια (eis ta idia · Greek)	'unto his own home' — literally 'to his own [things],' not 'house' (oikos). The same phrase in 1:11 means 'his own people.' The disciple takes Mary as his own. (John 19:27)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
πάντα τετέλεσται (panta tetelestai · Greek)	'all things were now accomplished' — the same verb as the final word 'It is finished' (tetelestai, v. 30). (John 19:28)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
διψῶ (dipsō · Greek)	'I thirst' — fulfilling Scripture (Psalm 69:21). (John 19:28)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Τετέλεσται (tetelestai · Greek)	'It is finished' — the same verb as 19:28, 'all things were now accomplished.' (John 19:30)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
παρέδωκεν τὸ πνεῦμα (paredōken to pneuma · Greek)	'gave up the ghost' — handed over his spirit. (John 19:30)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ (tē hēmera tē tritē · Greek)	'the third day' — counting from the days marked in 1:29, 35 and 43, Cana falls on the seventh day of John's opening week. (John 2:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
γάμος (gamos · Greek)	'marriage' — a wedding; Genesis' creation week likewise ends with the wedding of the first man and woman. (John 2:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ (hē mētēr tou Iēsou · Greek)	'the mother of Jesus' — John never calls her by name. (John 2:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
γύναι (gynai · Greek)	'Woman' — the vocative of gynē. Respectful, but there is no other known case in ancient Jewish literature of a son addressing his mother this way; John uses it to identify Mary with the 'woman' of Genesis 3:15. (John 2:4)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί (ti emoi kai soi · Greek)	'what have I to do with thee' — a Hebrew idiom (2 Samuel 16:10; 1 Kings 17:18) marking a difference of concern, not a rebuke. (John 2:4)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὥρα (hōra · Greek)	'hour' — in John, the hour of Jesus' passion and glorification (12:23; 13:1). (John 2:4)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὅ τι ἂν λέγῃ ὑμῖν ποιήσατε (ho ti an legē hymin poiēsate · Greek)	'Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it.' The wording echoes Pharaoh's command about Joseph in the Septuagint: 'Go to Joseph; whatever he says to you, do' (Genesis 41:55). (John 2:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
φάγητε τὴν σάρκα (phagēte tēn sarka · Greek)	'eat the flesh' — the same word sarx as 'the Word was made flesh' (1:14). (John 6:53)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
πίητε αὐτοῦ τὸ αἷμα (piēte autou to haima · Greek)	'drink his blood' — the Eucharistic realism of the Bread of Life discourse. (John 6:53)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית (aron habberit · Hebrew)	'the ark of the covenant' — carried into battle around Jericho, with seven priests and seven trumpets going before it. (Joshua 6:6)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
לִפְנֵי אֲרוֹן יְהוָה (lifney aron YHWH · Hebrew)	'before the ark of the LORD' — the armed men march ahead of the Ark; the Ark, not the army, wins the city. (Joshua 6:6)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
תְּעַנּוּ אֶת־נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם (te'annu et-nafshotekhem · Hebrew)	'ye shall afflict your souls' — the Day of Atonement's self-denial, the same idiom as the woman's vow 'to afflict the soul' in Numbers 30:13. (Leviticus 16:29)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
παρθένος (parthenos · Greek)	'virgin' — used twice in one verse; Luke insists on the word. (Luke 1:27)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐμνηστευμένην (emnēsteumenēn · Greek)	'espoused,' betrothed — the same verb the Septuagint uses for the betrothed virgin who is legally a 'wife' in Deuteronomy 22:23–24. (Luke 1:27)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐξ οἴκου Δαυίδ (ex oikou Dauid · Greek)	'of the house of David' — Joseph's Davidic lineage. (Luke 1:27)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
χαῖρε (chaire · Greek)	'Hail' — literally 'rejoice,' the greeting the prophets address to Daughter Zion (Zephaniah 3:14 LXX; Zechariah 9:9 LXX). (Luke 1:28)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
κεχαριτωμένη (kecharitōmenē · Greek)	'highly favoured' — a perfect passive participle of charitoō, 'to grace': 'you who have been graced,' a completed state of grace still in effect. The Latin gratia plena, 'full of grace,' and the Hail Mary come from here. (Luke 1:28)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁ κύριος μετὰ σοῦ (ho kyrios meta sou · Greek)	'the Lord is with thee' — the assurance given to those chosen for a mission (Gideon, Judges 6:12). (Luke 1:28)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
συλλήμψῃ ἐν γαστρὶ καὶ τέξῃ υἱόν (syllēmpsē en gastri kai texē huion · Greek)	'thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and bring forth a son' — future tense; Gabriel does not say the conception has happened or will happen at once. (Luke 1:31)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
υἱὸς ὑψίστου (huios hypsistou · Greek)	'the Son of the Highest.' (Luke 1:32)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τὸν θρόνον Δαυὶδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ (ton thronon Dauid tou patros autou · Greek)	'the throne of his father David' — the Davidic covenant of 2 Samuel 7:12–13. (Luke 1:32)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας… οὐκ ἔσται τέλος (eis tous aiōnas… ouk estai telos · Greek)	'for ever… no end' — an everlasting kingdom. (Luke 1:32)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
πῶς ἔσται τοῦτο (pōs estai touto · Greek)	'How shall this be?' — not doubt (contrast Zechariah in 1:18) but a question about the manner. (Luke 1:34)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐπεὶ ἄνδρα οὐ γινώσκω (epei andra ou ginōskō · Greek)	'seeing I know not a man' — present tense, 'I am not knowing a man,' describing a standing condition rather than only her past. 'Know' is the Hebrew idiom for marital relations. (Luke 1:34)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐπισκιάσει (episkiasei · Greek)	'shall overshadow' — from episkiazō, the verb the Septuagint uses for the glory-cloud that 'overshadowed' the tabernacle (Exodus 40:35) and that Luke uses again for the cloud at the Transfiguration (9:34). (Luke 1:35)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐπελεύσεται ἐπὶ σέ (epeleusetai epi se · Greek)	'shall come upon thee' — the descent of the Spirit. (Luke 1:35)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τὸ γεννώμενον ἅγιον (to gennōmenon hagion · Greek)	'that holy thing which shall be born' — literally 'the holy [one] being begotten'; hagion is also the word for the sanctuary. (Luke 1:35)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἡ συγγενίς σου (hē syngenis sou · Greek)	'thy cousin' — kinswoman; the same root as Mark 6:4, where Jesus calls the Nazareth 'brothers' his syngeneis, his relatives. (Luke 1:36)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐν γήρει αὐτῆς (en gērei autēs · Greek)	'in her old age' — Elizabeth is Mary's elder. (Luke 1:36)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀναστᾶσα… ἐπορεύθη (anastasa… eporeuthē · Greek)	'arose… and went' — matching the Septuagint of 2 Samuel 6:2, where David 'arose and went' to bring up the ark. (Luke 1:39)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
εἰς τὴν ὀρεινὴν… πόλιν Ἰούδα (eis tēn oreinēn… polin Iouda · Greek)	'into the hill country… a city of Judah' — the same region to which David went for the ark. (Luke 1:39)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐσκίρτησεν (eskirtēsen · Greek)	'leaped' — from skirtaō, used in the Septuagint of the twins leaping in Rebekah's womb (Genesis 25:22). David 'leaped and danced' before the ark (2 Samuel 6:16). (Luke 1:41)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
κραυγῇ μεγάλῃ (kraugē megalē · Greek)	'with a loud voice' (v. 42) — literally 'a great cry'; the ark was brought up 'with shouting' (meta kraugēs, 2 Samuel 6:15 LXX). (Luke 1:41)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀνεφώνησεν κραυγῇ μεγάλῃ (anephōnēsen kraugē megalē · Greek)	'spake out with a loud voice' — literally 'cried out with a great cry'; the Ark was brought up 'with shouting' (meta kraugēs, 2 Samuel 6:15 LXX). (Luke 1:42)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
εὐλογημένη σὺ ἐν γυναιξίν (eulogēmenē sy en gynaixin · Greek)	'Blessed art thou among women' — Ephrem: if Mary was blessed among women, she was exempt from Eve's curse (p 135). (Luke 1:42)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁ καρπὸς τῆς κοιλίας σου (ho karpos tēs koilias sou · Greek)	'the fruit of thy womb.' (Luke 1:42)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
πόθεν μοι τοῦτο (pothen moi touto · Greek)	'whence is this to me' — echoing David's 'How shall the ark of the LORD come to me?' (2 Samuel 6:9). (Luke 1:43)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ κυρίου μου (hē mētēr tou kyriou mou · Greek)	'the mother of my Lord.' In the Davidic court 'my lord the king' is the royal address (1 Kings 1:31); 'mother of my Lord' is the queen mother's title. Kyrios is also the Septuagint's name for God. (Luke 1:43)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐσκίρτησεν ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει τὸ βρέφος (eskirtēsen en agalliasei to brephos · Greek)	'the babe leaped in my womb for joy' — the unborn John dances before the new Ark as David danced before the old. (Luke 1:44)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τῷ θεῷ τῷ σωτῆρί μου (tō theō tō sōtēri mou · Greek)	'God my Saviour' — Mary calls God her Saviour; the Immaculate Conception is a saving act. (Luke 1:47)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ταπείνωσις (tapeinōsis · Greek)	'low estate' — humility; Hannah uses the same word in her prayer (1 Samuel 1:11 LXX). (Luke 1:48)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
δούλη (doulē · Greek)	'handmaiden' — a female servant or slave. (Luke 1:48)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
μακαριοῦσίν με πᾶσαι αἱ γενεαί (makariousin me pasai hai geneai · Greek)	'all generations shall call me blessed' — from makarizō, 'to call blessed,' the verb of public praise. (Luke 1:48)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
καθεῖλεν δυνάστας ἀπὸ θρόνων (katheilen dynastas apo thronōn · Greek)	'He hath put down the mighty from their seats' — literally 'from thrones'; royal language. (Luke 1:52)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὕψωσεν ταπεινούς (hypsōsen tapeinous · Greek)	'exalted them of low degree' — the same root as 'the low estate (tapeinōsis) of his handmaiden' (1:48); Mary speaks first of herself. (Luke 1:52)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
μῆνας τρεῖς (mēnas treis · Greek)	'three months' — the length of time the ark stayed in the house of Obed-edom (treis mēnas, 2 Samuel 6:11 LXX). (Luke 1:56)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀφέντες τὰ ἴδια (aphentes ta idia · Greek)	'we have left all' — the oldest manuscripts read ta idia, 'our own'; the KJV follows the later reading 'all' (panta). (Luke 18:28)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
οἰκίαν ἢ γονεῖς ἢ ἀδελφούς (oikian ē goneis ē adelphous · Greek)	'house, or parents, or brethren' (v. 29) — what 'one's own' includes. (Luke 18:28)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
εἰς πτῶσιν καὶ ἀνάστασιν (eis ptōsin kai anastasin · Greek)	'for the fall and rising again' — the child will divide Israel. (Luke 2:34)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
σημεῖον ἀντιλεγόμενον (sēmeion antilegomenon · Greek)	'a sign which shall be spoken against' — a contradicted sign, pointing to the cross. (Luke 2:34)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ῥομφαία (rhomphaia · Greek)	'sword' — the great sword, used in the Septuagint for the flaming sword of Eden (Genesis 3:24) and the sword of divine judgment (Ezekiel 21). (Luke 2:35)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ψυχή (psychē · Greek)	'soul' — the same word the Septuagint uses when Rachel's soul departs as she bears Benjamin (Genesis 35:18). (Luke 2:35)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
διελεύσεται (dieleusetai · Greek)	'shall pierce through' — will pass right through. (Luke 2:35)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
προφῆτις (prophētis · Greek)	'prophetess' — Anna (Hannah) is one of the few women given the title. (Luke 2:36)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
οὐκ ἀφίστατο τοῦ ἱεροῦ (ouk aphistato tou hierou · Greek)	'departed not from the temple' — a life of consecrated devotion. (Luke 2:36)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
νηστείαις καὶ δεήσεσιν (nēsteiais kai deēsesin · Greek)	'fastings and prayers' — ascetic worship night and day. (Luke 2:36)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
γαμοῦσιν καὶ γαμίσκονται (gamousin kai gamiskontai · Greek)	'marry, and are given in marriage' — the way of this age. (Luke 20:34)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἰσάγγελοι (isangeloi · Greek)	'equal unto the angels' — angel-like; the risen do not marry. (Luke 20:34)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
υἱοὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως (huioi tēs anastaseōs · Greek)	'children of the resurrection' — those who belong to the age to come. (Luke 20:34)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
κακοῦργοι (kakourgoi · Greek)	'malefactors' (23:32) — two condemned men crucified with Jesus, as two condemned officials were imprisoned with Joseph. (Luke 23:39)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
μνήσθητί μου (mnēsthēti mou · Greek)	'remember me' (v. 42) — the butler forgot Joseph (Genesis 40:23); this criminal asks to be remembered and is. (Luke 23:39)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
σήμερον μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (sēmeron met' emou esē en tō paradeisō · Greek)	'To day shalt thou be with me in paradise' — everlasting life for the one, as bodily life for the pardoned butler. (Luke 23:39)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Μαρία ἡ Ἰακώβου (Maria hē Iakōbou · Greek)	'Mary the mother of James' — Luke, like Mark 16:1, identifies her by her son James alone. (Luke 24:10)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀνεφέρετο εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν (anephereto eis ton ouranon · Greek)	'carried up into heaven' — the end of the new exodus. (Luke 24:50)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὡσεὶ ἐτῶν τριάκοντα (hōsei etōn triakonta · Greek)	'about thirty years of age' — Joseph was thirty when he entered Pharaoh's service (Genesis 41:46). (Luke 3:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὡς ἐνομίζετο (hōs enomizeto · Greek)	'as was supposed' — the son of Joseph in the eyes of the world. (Luke 3:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἔξοδος (exodos · Greek)	'decease' — literally 'exodus,' the departure Jesus is to accomplish at Jerusalem. (Luke 9:30)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Μωϋσῆς καὶ Ἠλίας (Mōusēs kai Ēlias · Greek)	'Moses and Elias' — the lawgiver of the first exodus speaks with Jesus about the new one. (Luke 9:30)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
λύτρον ἀντὶ πολλῶν (lytron anti pollōn · Greek)	'a ransom for many' — Jesus describes his death in the words of the Suffering Servant (Isaiah 53). (Mark 10:45)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
διακονῆσαι (diakonēsai · Greek)	'to minister' — the Son of Man comes to serve, not to be served. (Mark 10:45)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀρχὴ ὠδίνων (archē ōdinōn · Greek)	'the beginnings of sorrows' — literally 'the beginning of birth pangs.' Ōdin is the word for labour pains (Isaiah 26:17 LXX; Revelation 12:2). (Mark 13:8)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Μαρία ἡ Ἰακώβου τοῦ μικροῦ καὶ Ἰωσῆτος μήτηρ (Maria hē Iakōbou tou mikrou kai Iōsētos mētēr · Greek)	'Mary the mother of James the less and of Joses' — the same two names as the first two 'brothers' in Mark 6:3. (Mark 15:40)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Μαρία ἡ τοῦ Ἰακώβου (Maria hē tou Iakōbou · Greek)	'Mary the mother of James' — again the 'other Mary,' alive and active on Easter morning. (Mark 16:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀρώματα (arōmata · Greek)	'sweet spices' — bought to anoint the body. (Mark 16:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ (hē mētēr autou kai hoi adelphoi autou · Greek)	'his mother and his brethren' — Mark calls Mary 'his mother' here (vv. 31, 32); he never calls her 'the mother of James and Joses.' (Mark 3:31)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὃς ἂν ποιήσῃ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ (hos an poiēsē to thelēma tou theou · Greek)	'whosoever shall do the will of God' (v. 35) — Jesus defines his true family by obedience, not blood. (Mark 3:31)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁ τέκτων (ho tektōn · Greek)	'the carpenter' — a builder or craftsman. (Mark 6:3)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Μαρίας (ho huios tēs Marias · Greek)	'the son of Mary' — the only person the text calls Mary's son. (Mark 6:3)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀδελφός (adelphos · Greek)	'brother.' In the Semitic idiom behind the Gospels (Hebrew ach), 'brother' also covers cousins and other kin: Lot is Abraham's 'brother' (Genesis 14:14), Laban is Jacob's 'brother' (Genesis 29:15). (Mark 6:3)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐν τοῖς συγγενεῦσιν αὐτοῦ (en tois syngeneusin autou · Greek)	'among his own kin' — relatives, cousins; the same root as Elizabeth, Mary's 'cousin' (syngenis, Luke 1:36). (Mark 6:4)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Τίμα τὸν πατέρα σου καὶ τὴν μητέρα σου (tima ton patera sou kai tēn mētera sou · Greek)	'Honour thy father and thy mother' — the commandment Jesus enforces. (Mark 7:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
θανάτῳ τελευτάτω (thanatō teleutatō · Greek)	'let him die the death' (v. 10) — Jesus cites the death penalty for those who fail their parents. (Mark 7:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
κορβᾶν (korban · Greek)	'Corban,' a gift — the device by which a son withheld support from his parents, which Jesus condemns. (Mark 7:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Βίβλος γενέσεως (biblos geneseōs · Greek)	'The book of the generation' — literally 'book of genesis,' an echo of Genesis 2:4 and 5:1. (Matthew 1:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
υἱοῦ Δαυὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβραάμ (huiou Dauid huiou Abraam · Greek)	'the son of David, the son of Abraham' — Jesus is introduced as the Davidic king. (Matthew 1:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐξ ἧς ἐγεννήθη Ἰησοῦς (ex hēs egennēthē Iēsous · Greek)	'of whom was born Jesus' — the relative pronoun is feminine: Jesus is born of Mary, not of Joseph. (Matthew 1:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Μαρίας (Marias · Greek)	'Mary' — the one woman named at the close of the royal genealogy. (Matthew 1:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
δίκαιος ὤν (dikaios ōn · Greek)	'being a just man' — righteous, that is, obedient to the Law of Moses. (Matthew 1:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
λάθρᾳ ἀπολῦσαι αὐτήν (lathra apolysai autēn · Greek)	'to put her away privily' — divorce her quietly. (Matthew 1:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
παρθένος (parthenos · Greek)	'virgin' — Matthew quotes the Septuagint of Isaiah 7:14, which chose the unambiguous word for a virgin. (Matthew 1:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Ἐμμανουήλ (Emmanouēl · Greek)	'Emmanuel,' which Matthew translates for his readers: meth' hēmōn ho theos (μεθ᾽ ἡμῶν ὁ θεός), 'God with us.' (Matthew 1:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
οὐκ ἐγίνωσκεν αὐτήν (ouk eginōsken autēn · Greek)	'knew her not' — 'know' is the biblical idiom for marital relations; the imperfect tense describes an ongoing state of abstinence through the pregnancy. (Matthew 1:25)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἕως οὗ (heōs hou · Greek)	'till.' In biblical usage 'until' says nothing about what happens afterward: Michal 'had no child until the day of her death' (2 Samuel 6:23); Jesus is with us 'until the end of the age' (Matthew 28:20). (Matthew 1:25)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
πρωτότοκος (prōtotokos · Greek)	'firstborn' (in the KJV's text) — a legal title for the son who opens the womb (Exodus 13:2), whether or not other children follow. (Matthew 1:25)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁ τοῦ τέκτονος υἱός (ho tou tektonos huios · Greek)	'the carpenter's son' — Matthew's form of the Nazareth question (Mark 6:3 has 'the carpenter, the son of Mary'). (Matthew 13:55)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ (hoi adelphoi autou · Greek)	'his brethren' — James, Joses, Simon and Judas; the word adelphos also covers cousins and kin (Genesis 31:37; 1 Chronicles 23:22 LXX). (Matthew 13:55)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
εὐνοῦχοι (eunouchoi · Greek)	'eunuchs' — used figuratively of those who renounce marriage. (Matthew 19:12)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
διὰ τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν (dia tēn basileian tōn ouranōn · Greek)	'for the kingdom of heaven's sake' — celibacy embraced for God. (Matthew 19:12)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁ δυνάμενος χωρεῖν χωρείτω (ho dynamenos chōrein chōreitō · Greek)	'he that is able to receive it, let him receive it' — a calling for some, not a rule for all. (Matthew 19:12)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀνεῖλεν πάντας τοὺς παῖδας (aneilen pantas tous paidas · Greek)	'slew all the children' — the massacre of the infants of Bethlehem. (Matthew 2:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Βηθλέεμ (Bēthleem · Greek)	'Bethlehem' — the birthplace of the Messiah and the burial place of Rachel (Genesis 35:19). (Matthew 2:16)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Ῥαχὴλ κλαίουσα (Rhachēl klaiousa · Greek)	'Rachel weeping' — Matthew's rendering of Jeremiah 31:15. (Matthew 2:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
οὐκ ἤθελεν παρακληθῆναι (ouk ēthelen paraklēthēnai · Greek)	'would not be comforted' — the inconsolable mother. (Matthew 2:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἕως ἂν θῶ (heōs an thō · Greek)	'till I make' — the Messiah sits at God's right hand 'until' his enemies are subdued, and plainly does not stop reigning afterward. (Matthew 22:44)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τριάκοντα ἀργύρια (triakonta argyria · Greek)	'thirty pieces of silver' — the price of a slave (Exodus 21:32) and the wage of the rejected shepherd (Zechariah 11:12). (Matthew 26:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Ἰούδας (Ioudas · Greek)	'Judas' — the Greek form of 'Judah,' the brother who proposed selling Joseph for silver (Genesis 37:26–28). (Matthew 26:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Μαρία ἡ τοῦ Ἰακώβου καὶ Ἰωσὴφ μήτηρ (Maria hē tou Iakōbou kai Iōsēph mētēr · Greek)	'Mary the mother of James and Joses' — the mother of the two men named first among Jesus' 'brothers' in Mark 6:3. (Matthew 27:56)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἡ ἄλλη Μαρία (hē allē Maria · Greek)	'the other Mary' — Matthew's name for this same woman a few verses later (27:61; 28:1). (Matthew 27:56)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἡ ἄλλη Μαρία (hē allē Maria · Greek)	'the other Mary' — Matthew's name for 'Mary the mother of James and Joses' (27:56), repeated at 28:1. (Matthew 27:61)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
σφραγίσαντες τὸν λίθον (sphragisantes ton lithon · Greek)	'sealing the stone' — the tomb is officially sealed and guarded. (Matthew 27:66)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
κουστωδία (koustōdia · Greek)	'a watch' — a Roman guard, from the Latin custodia. (Matthew 27:66)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀπεκύλισεν τὸν λίθον (apekylisen ton lithon · Greek)	'rolled back the stone' — the stone, sealed by Pilate's guard (27:66), is still in place when the angel comes. (Matthew 28:2)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἕως τῆς συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος (heōs tēs synteleias tou aiōnos · Greek)	'unto the end of the world' — Jesus is with us 'until' the end of the age, and not less so afterward. (Matthew 28:20)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (ho huios mou ho agapētos · Greek)	'my beloved Son' — as Joseph was the beloved son of Jacob (Genesis 37:3). (Matthew 3:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בַּת־צִיּוֹן (bat-Tsiyyon · Hebrew)	'daughter of Zion' — Jerusalem personified as a woman. (Micah 4:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
חִיל כַּיּוֹלֵדָה (chil kayyoledah · Hebrew)	'pangs as of a woman in travail' — the labour pains of Zion. (Micah 4:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
גָּאַל (ga'al · Hebrew)	'redeem' (v. 10) — the labour ends in deliverance and redemption. (Micah 4:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בֵּית־לֶחֶם אֶפְרָתָה (Beth-lechem Ephrathah · Hebrew)	'Bethlehem Ephratah' — the town of David, and the place where Rachel died in childbirth (Genesis 35:19). (Micah 5:2)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מוֹשֵׁל (moshel · Hebrew)	'ruler' — the coming king whose origins are 'from everlasting.' (Micah 5:2)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
יוֹלֵדָה יָלָדָה (yoledah yaladah · Hebrew)	'she which travaileth hath brought forth' (v. 3) — the ruler's birth is tied to a mother in labour. (Micah 5:2)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
נֶדֶר (neder · Hebrew)	'vow' — a solemn promise made to God. (Numbers 30:13)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
שְׁבֻעַת אִסָּר (shevuat issar · Hebrew)	'binding oath' — an oath of self-restriction. (Numbers 30:13)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
לְעַנֹּת נָפֶשׁ (le'annot nafesh · Hebrew)	'to afflict the soul' — a vow of self-denial. Later Jewish law understood such vows to include abstaining from marital relations. (Numbers 30:13)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וְנָשָׂא אֶת־עֲוֹנָהּ (venasa et-avonah · Hebrew)	'he shall bear her iniquity' — a husband who later breaks a vow he had accepted takes the guilt on himself. (Numbers 30:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וְהֶחֱרִישׁ לָהּ (vehecherish lah · Hebrew)	'and held his peace at her' — the husband's silence on hearing the vow confirms it; it then stands. (Numbers 30:6)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
יָנִיא (yani · Hebrew)	'disallowed' — annul; the husband may cancel the vow only on the day he hears it. (Numbers 30:6)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אֵיבָה (eybah · Hebrew)	'enmity' — the same word as Genesis 3:15. Here a blow struck 'in enmity' makes the striker a murderer who must die. (Numbers 35:21)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
הַקֹּדֶשׁ (haqqodesh · Hebrew)	'the holy things' — the ark and the sanctuary furniture. (Numbers 4:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
נָגַע (naga · Hebrew)	'touch.' Even the Levites who carry the holy things may not touch them directly. (Numbers 4:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וָמֵתוּ (vametu · Hebrew)	'lest they die' — the holiness of the ark is lethal to the unauthorised. (Numbers 4:15)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
פָּרֹכֶת הַמָּסָךְ (parokhet hammasakh · Hebrew)	'the covering vail' — the veil of the Holy of Holies is taken down and wrapped around the Ark before it travels. (Numbers 4:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בֶּגֶד כְּלִיל תְּכֵלֶת (beged kelil tekhelet · Hebrew)	'a cloth wholly of blue' — the outer covering; the Ark is never seen uncovered outside the sanctuary. (Numbers 4:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בַּדָּיו (baddav · Hebrew)	'the staves thereof' — the poles; the Ark is carried only by them, never touched. (Numbers 4:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
נְאֻם יְהוָה לַאדֹנִי (ne'um YHWH ladoni · Hebrew)	'The LORD said unto my Lord' — the Davidic king is 'my lord' (adon); Jesus applies the verse to the Messiah (Matthew 22:44). (Psalm 110:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
שֵׁב לִימִינִי (shev liymini · Hebrew)	'Sit thou at my right hand' — the right hand is the place of shared authority. (Psalm 110:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἕως ἂν θῶ (heōs an thō · Greek (LXX))	'until I make' — the 'until' of Matthew 22:44 that Pitre uses to explain Matthew 1:25 (p 101). (Psalm 110:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בָּחַר יְהוָה בְּצִיּוֹן (bachar YHWH beTsiyyon · Hebrew)	'the LORD hath chosen Zion' — the Ark's resting place is God's chosen dwelling. (Psalm 132:13)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מְנוּחָתִי עֲדֵי־עַד (menuchati adey-ad · Hebrew)	'my rest for ever' — the same word as verse 8, 'Arise, O LORD, into thy rest.' (Psalm 132:13)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
מְנוּחָה (menuchah · Hebrew)	'rest' — the ark's resting place in the sanctuary of Jerusalem. (Psalm 132:8)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
אֲרוֹן עֻזֶּךָ (aron uzzekha · Hebrew)	'the ark of thy strength.' The Septuagint reads 'the ark of your holiness' (kibōtos tou hagiasmatos sou, κιβωτὸς τοῦ ἁγιάσματός σου). (Psalm 132:8)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בְּכָל־דֹּר וָדֹר (bekhol-dor vador · Hebrew)	'in all generations' — the king's name will be remembered in every generation. (Psalm 45:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐν πάσῃ γενεᾷ καὶ γενεᾷ (en pasē genea kai genea · Greek (LXX))	'in every generation' — Mary says 'all generations (pasai hai geneai) shall call me blessed' (Luke 1:48). (Psalm 45:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
שֵׁגַל (shegal · Hebrew)	'queen' — the royal consort standing in honour beside the king. (Psalm 45:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
לִימִינְךָ (liyminekha · Hebrew)	'upon thy right hand' — the same position of honour given to the queen mother in 1 Kings 2:19. (Psalm 45:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
כֶּתֶם אוֹפִיר (ketem Ophir · Hebrew)	'gold of Ophir' — the finest gold, marking royal splendour. (Psalm 45:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
בְּעָווֹן חוֹלָלְתִּי (be'avon cholalti · Hebrew)	'I was shapen in iniquity' — formed in sin from the start. (Psalm 51:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
וּבְחֵטְא יֶחֱמַתְנִי אִמִּי (uvchet yechematni immi · Hebrew)	'in sin did my mother conceive me' — the classic text for sin inherited from conception. (Psalm 51:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
כֹּל שַׁתָּה תַחַת־רַגְלָיו (kol shattah tachat-raglav · Hebrew)	'thou hast put all things under his feet' (8:7 in the Hebrew numbering) — to have something under one's feet is to have dominion over it. (Psalm 8:6)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ (hypokatō tōn podōn autou · Greek (LXX))	'under his feet' — Revelation 12:1 uses the same phrase of the Woman: 'the moon under her feet' (hypokatō tōn podōn autēs). (Psalm 8:6)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἠνοίγη ὁ ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (ēnoigē ho naos tou theou · Greek)	'the temple of God was opened' — the heavenly sanctuary. (Revelation 11:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης αὐτοῦ (hē kibōtos tēs diathēkēs autou · Greek)	'the ark of his testament' — the ark, lost since the Babylonian exile, is seen in heaven. (Revelation 11:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
σημεῖον (sēmeion · Greek)	'wonder' — literally 'sign,' John's word for a revelation with meaning. (Revelation 12:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
γυνή (gynē · Greek)	'woman' — the Woman of Genesis 3:15 and the 'Woman' of Cana and the cross. (Revelation 12:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
στέφανος (stephanos · Greek)	'crown' — of twelve stars; the queen mother wore a crown beside the king (Jeremiah 13:18). (Revelation 12:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τῶν λοιπῶν τοῦ σπέρματος αὐτῆς (tōn loipōn tou spermatos autēs · Greek)	'the remnant of her seed' — the rest of her offspring. Sperma is the Septuagint's word for the woman's 'seed' in Genesis 3:15. (Revelation 12:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
τηρούντων τὰς ἐντολάς (tērountōn tas entolas · Greek)	'which keep the commandments' — Christians are identified as the Woman's other children. (Revelation 12:17)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὠδίνουσα (ōdinousa · Greek)	'travailing in birth' — the word for labour pains, used of Zion in Isaiah 26:17 LXX and of the 'birth pangs' in Mark 13:8. (Revelation 12:2)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
βασανιζομένη τεκεῖν (basanizomenē tekein · Greek)	'pained to be delivered' — literally 'tormented to give birth.' (Revelation 12:2)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
υἱὸν ἄρσεν (huion arsen · Greek)	'a man child' — literally 'a son, a male'; Isaiah 66:7 LXX has 'she bore a male' (eteken arsen). (Revelation 12:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ποιμαίνειν… ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ (poimainein… en rhabdō sidēra · Greek)	'rule… with a rod of iron' — the Davidic Messiah of Psalm 2:9. (Revelation 12:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἡρπάσθη (hērpasthē · Greek)	'was caught up' to God and his throne — no infancy or ministry is described; the child's birth passes straight to his enthronement. (Revelation 12:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἔφυγεν εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (ephygen eis tēn erēmon · Greek)	'fled into the wilderness' — Isaiah 66:7 LXX says the mother 'escaped' (exephygen) and bore a male. (Revelation 12:6)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἑπτὰ κεφαλαί… ἑπτὰ βασιλεῖς (hepta kephalai… hepta basileis · Greek)	'seven heads… seven kings' — the dragon's heads (12:3) stand for a group of rulers. (Revelation 17:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
δέκα κέρατα… δέκα βασιλεῖς (deka kerata… deka basileis · Greek)	'ten horns… ten kings' (v. 12) — the dragon is an individual, Satan, and also a collective power. (Revelation 17:9)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
Ἰδοὺ καινὰ ποιῶ πάντα (idou kaina poiō panta · Greek)	'Behold, I make all things new' — the new creation. (Revelation 21:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
αἱ προσευχαὶ τῶν ἁγίων (hai proseuchai tōn hagiōn · Greek)	'the prayers of saints' — presented before the Lamb by the elders in heaven as incense. (Revelation 5:8)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
πάντες ἥμαρτον (pantes hēmarton · Greek)	'all have sinned' — Paul's summary of the universal need for Christ. (Romans 3:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὑστεροῦνται τῆς δόξης (hysterountai tēs doxēs · Greek)	'come short of the glory' — fall short of the glory of God. (Romans 3:23)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
παράπτωμα (paraptōma · Greek)	'offence' — Adam's trespass. (Romans 5:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
δικαίωμα (dikaiōma · Greek)	'righteousness' — Christ's righteous act. (Romans 5:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
δικαίωσιν ζωῆς (dikaiōsin zōēs · Greek)	'justification of life' — life restored through one man. (Romans 5:18)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
παρακοή (parakoē · Greek)	'disobedience' — Adam's refusal to hear. (Romans 5:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ὑπακοή (hypakoē · Greek)	'obedience' — Christ's submission to the Father. (Romans 5:19)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
πρωτότοκον ἐν πολλοῖς ἀδελφοῖς (prōtotokon en pollois adelphois · Greek)	'the firstborn among many brethren' — the risen Christ as the elder brother of a new family. (Romans 8:29)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἀπὸ γυναικὸς ἀρχὴ ἁμαρτίας (apo gynaikos archē hamartias · Greek)	'of the woman came the beginning of sin.' (Sirach 25:24)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
δι᾽ αὐτὴν ἀποθνῄσκομεν πάντες (di' autēn apothnēskomen pantes · Greek)	'through her we all die' — the whole human race dies because of Eve. (Sirach 25:24)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐκ γαστρὸς μητρὸς (ek gastros mētros · Greek)	'out of their mother's womb' — the beginning of every human life. (Sirach 40:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
εἰς μητέρα πάντων (eis mētera pantōn · Greek)	'to the mother of all things' — the earth, the grave, to which all return. Birth from the womb and burial in the tomb are the two 'mothers' of humanity. (Sirach 40:1)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
ἐκ βάθους κοιλίας ᾅδου (ek bathous koilias hadou · Greek)	'from the depth of the belly of hell' — koilia is 'womb' as well as 'belly'; death is entering the womb of Hades. (Sirach 51:5)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
φθόνῳ διαβόλου (phthonō diabolou · Greek)	'through envy of the devil' — diabolos, 'the slanderer,' is the Septuagint's name for Satan. (Wisdom 2:24)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words
θάνατος εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον (thanatos eisēlthen eis ton kosmon · Greek)	'death entered the world' — the same phrase Paul uses in Romans 5:12. (Wisdom 2:24)	catena::jewish-roots-of-mary-key-words