Sources and licensing

Scripture

The Bible text on the reading pages is the World English Bible, Catholic Edition (public domain), from eBible.org. Esther and Daniel are the Greek editions with their additions. The verses quoted inside the maps are the King James Version (public domain); Septuagint quotations are from Brenton’s 1851 translation (public domain).

Maps

• Jewish Roots of Mary. Based on Brant Pitre, Jesus and the Jewish Roots of Mary (Image, 2018). Page numbers refer to that book.
• Chain of Faith. Written for Catena Fidei.
• Catechism of the Catholic Church. Citation index built from the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd edition, as published at vatican.va. Paragraph text © Libreria Editrice Vaticana; short excerpts are quoted with a link to the source.
• Catena Aurea. Catena Aurea, translated at Oxford in 1841 under J. H. Newman (public domain). Electronic texts from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library (Matthew, Mark) and ecatholic2000.com (Luke, John).
• Works of the Fathers. Ante-Nicene Fathers and Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (Roberts and Donaldson; Schaff and Wace), public-domain translations in the Christian Classics Ethereal Library's editions, used with thanks under its allowance for non-profit use.
• Councils and creeds. The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, series 2, vol. 14, edited by Henry R. Percival (1900), public domain, in the Christian Classics Ethereal Library's edition, used with thanks under its allowance for non-profit use.
• Bible cross-references. Derived from the World English Bible text, the Catechism and Catena Aurea layers, and a hand-checked allusion list written for Catena Fidei.

Catechism of the Catholic Church

The Catechism's text is © Libreria Editrice Vaticana. This site does not reproduce it. For every paragraph that cites Scripture it records the paragraph number, its place in the Catechism's structure, the verses it cites and a short excerpt of its opening words, with a link to the full paragraph on the Holy See's website. The citation index was built from the English second edition as published at vatican.va.

Catena Aurea and the Fathers

The comments of the Fathers on the four Gospels come from Thomas Aquinas's Catena Aurea in the English translation made at Oxford in 1841 under John Henry Newman, which is in the public domain. The electronic text of Matthew and Mark is the Christian Classics Ethereal Library's edition (ccel.org), used with thanks under its allowance for non-profit use; Luke and John were taken from the transcription at ecatholic2000.com and checked against the printed volumes. Every comment names its author and links to the page it was taken from.

The Library

The Library shelves every book and document on the site. A public-domain work can be read here in full, in the same editions credited above; a title under copyright is never reproduced, and its shelf entry offers instead the publisher's or the Holy See's own page and a link to a bookshop. Links to Amazon may carry an Associates tag: as an Amazon Associate, Catena Fidei earns from qualifying purchases, at no cost to the reader. No file is hosted or downloaded here, and no reading account is ever handled by this site.

The Library's 3D shelf is adapted from Meng To's The Complete Shelf: its book construction, cloth, paper and page-edge textures, page physics, shelf and inspection transitions, walnut texture and page-turn sounds. The covers, their marks and the printed pages are drawn here from each book's own title, author and opening.

Artwork

The paintings, icons and manuscript pages on the site are in the public domain or under an open licence. Each page that shows one credits it; the full list is here.

• After André Thevet, Portrait of Philo of Alexandria, 16th–17th century (Musea Brugge). CC0.
• Albrecht Dürer, Adam and Eve, 1504. Public domain.
• Athonite fresco painter, Saint John of Damascus (fresco), 14th-15th Century. Public domain.
• Attributed to Jörg Breu the Younger, Joseph Interpreting the Dreams of Pharaoh, c. 1534–1547 (Metropolitan Museum of Art). CC0.
• Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, The Immaculate Conception of Los Venerables, c. 1678 (Museo del Prado). Public domain.
• Belarusian icon painter, Mother of God Hodegetria of Sluck (detail), early 16th century. Public domain.
• Belarusian icon painter, Protection of the Theotokos (Pokrov icon), 18th century (National Art Museum of Belarus). Public domain.
• Bulgarian icon painter, Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (icon), 17th century (Sozopol). Public domain.
• Byzantine icon painter, Christ Pantocrator, 6th century (Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai). Public domain.
• Byzantine icon painter, Salus Populi Romani, 6th–13th century (Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome). Public domain.
• Byzantine icon painter, Theotokos of Vladimir, c. 1130 (Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow). Public domain.
• Byzantine mosaicist, Saint John Chrysostom (mosaic), 9th century (Hagia Sophia, Constantinople). Public domain.
• Caravaggio, Madonna and Child with Saint Anne (Madonna dei Palafrenieri), 1605–1606 (Galleria Borghese, Rome). Public domain.
• Caravaggio, Saint Jerome Writing, c. 1605–1606 (Galleria Borghese, Rome). Public domain.
• Carlo Crivelli, Saint Thomas Aquinas, 1476 (National Gallery, London). Public domain.
• Cesare Nebbia and workshop, The Council of Nicaea, 1588–1589 (Sistine Hall, Vatican Library). Public domain.
• Charles Picqué, Portrait of Pope Pius IX, 19th century (Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent). Public domain.
• Contemporary Orthodox iconographer, Saint Irenaeus of Lyons with other holy bishops (icon), 21st century. CC BY 4.0.
• Diego Velázquez, Saint John the Evangelist on Patmos, c. 1618 (National Gallery, London). Public domain.
• Diego Velázquez, The Coronation of the Virgin, c. 1635 (Museo del Prado). Public domain.
• El Greco, Pentecost, c. 1600 (Museo del Prado). Public domain.
• Emanuele Zanfurnari, The Death of Saint Ephrem the Syrian, 17th century (Pinacoteca Vaticana). Public domain.
• Fra Angelico, Presentation in the Temple, c. 1440–1442 (Convent of San Marco, Florence). Public domain.
• Fra Angelico, The Annunciation, c. 1426 (Museo del Prado). Public domain.
• Fra Angelico, The Annunciation, c. 1440 (Convent of San Marco, Florence). Public domain.
• Fra Angelico, The Coronation of the Virgin, c. 1434–1435 (Musée du Louvre). Public domain.
• Francesco Solimena, Jacob and Rachel, c. 1710 (Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice). Public domain.
• Francisco de Zurbarán, Saint Ambrose, c. 1626–1627 (Museo de Bellas Artes, Seville). Public domain.
• Gentile da Fabriano, Adoration of the Magi (predella), 1423 (Uffizi, Florence). Public domain.
• Gerard Seghers, The Dream of Saint Joseph, c. 1625–1630 (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna). Public domain.
• Gerard van Honthorst, Adoration of the Shepherds, 1622 (Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne). Public domain.
• Gerard van Honthorst, King David Playing the Harp, 1622 (Centraal Museum, Utrecht). Public domain.
• Gerbrand van den Eeckhout, The Infant Samuel Brought by Hannah to Eli, 1665 (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford). Public domain.
• Giorgio Ghisi, The Prophet Jeremiah, after Michelangelo, 1570s (Metropolitan Museum of Art). CC0.
• Giovanni Paolo Panini, An Architectural Capriccio with David, Bathsheba and Solomon, 18th century. Public domain.
• Giovanni Paolo Panini, Interior of St. Peter's, Rome, c. 1754. Public domain.
• Greek scribe, Codex Sinaiticus, 1 Chronicles 9:27–10:11, 4th century. Public domain.
• Greek scribe, Codex Vaticanus, Matthew 1:22–2:18, 4th century (Vatican Library). Public domain.
• Guido Reni, The Massacre of the Innocents (detail), 1611 (Pinacoteca Nazionale, Bologna). Public domain.
• Jacob Jordaens, The Four Evangelists, c. 1625 (Musée du Louvre). Public domain.
• James Gundee and M. Jones, Jephthah's Rash Vow, c. 1815. Public domain.
• James Tissot, Moses and Joshua in the Tabernacle, c. 1896–1902 (Jewish Museum, New York). Public domain.
• James Tissot, The Ark Passes Over the Jordan, c. 1896–1902 (Jewish Museum, New York). Public domain.
• Jan Goeree, Eusebius of Caesarea (engraving), c. 1700. Public domain.
• Jan Wildens, Joseph Sold by his Brothers, 17th century. Public domain.
• Joakim Skovgaard, Jesus in the Synagogue, 1914. Public domain.
• John Everett Millais, John Henry Newman, 1881 (National Portrait Gallery, London). Public domain.
• Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495–1498 (Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan). Public domain.
• Louis Haghe after Gaspare Fossati, Aya Sofia, Constantinople, 1852. Public domain.
• Lucas Cranach the Elder, Adam and Eve, 1526 (Courtauld Gallery, London). Public domain.
• Mariotto Albertinelli, The Visitation, 1503 (Uffizi, Florence). Public domain.
• Masaccio, The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, c. 1425 (Brancacci Chapel, Florence). Public domain.
• Michelangelo, The Creation of Adam, c. 1512 (Sistine Chapel). Public domain.
• Michelangelo, The Prophet Isaiah, c. 1509 (Sistine Chapel). Public domain.
• Netherlandish block cutter, Biblia pauperum (blockbook page), c. 1460s. Public domain.
• Northumbrian illuminator, Ezra the scribe, Codex Amiatinus, c. 700 (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence). Public domain.
• Palace School of Charles the Bald, King David and his musicians, Psalter of Charles the Bald, before 869 (Bibliothèque nationale de France). Public domain.
• Paolo Veronese, The Wedding at Cana, 1563 (Musée du Louvre). Public domain.
• Peter Paul Rubens, Daniel in the Lions' Den, c. 1614–1616 (National Gallery of Art, Washington). CC0.
• Peter Paul Rubens, The Virgin as the Woman of the Apocalypse, c. 1623–1624 (J. Paul Getty Museum). Public domain.
• Photograph by Fiat 500e (Wikimedia Commons), Statues of Saint Hippolytus, 2025-01-27 16:39:51. CC BY 4.0.
• Piero della Francesca, The Resurrection, c. 1460 (Museo Civico, Sansepolcro). Public domain.
• Pontormo, The Visitation, c. 1528–1529 (San Michele, Carmignano). CC BY 3.0.
• Qumran scribe, The Great Isaiah Scroll, chapter 53, c. 125 BC (Israel Museum, Jerusalem). Public domain.
• Raphael, The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila, 1514 (Stanze di Raffaello, Vatican). Public domain.
• Rembrandt, Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem, 1630 (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam). Public domain.
• Rembrandt, The Prophetess Anna, 1631 (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam). Public domain.
• Rogier van der Weyden, The Crucifixion, with the Virgin and Saint John the Evangelist Mourning, c. 1460 (Philadelphia Museum of Art). Public domain.
• Roman mosaicist, Annunciation, triumphal arch mosaic, 432–440 (Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome). Public domain.
• Russian icon painter, Saints Basil the Great, John Chrysostom and Gregory the Theologian (icon), 2-я четверть XIX. Public domain.
• Sandro Botticelli, Madonna of the Magnificat, c. 1483 (Uffizi, Florence). Public domain.
• Sandro Botticelli, Mystic Nativity, c. 1500 (National Gallery, London). Public domain.
• Sandro Botticelli, Saint Augustine in His Study (detail), c. 1480 (Ognissanti, Florence). Public domain.
• Sephardic scribe, Hebrew Bible, MS Kennicott 2, fol. 4r, 1306 (Bodleian Library, Oxford). CC BY 4.0.
• Syriac illuminator, Rabbula Gospels, fol. 9v–10r, 586 (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence). Public domain.
• Syriac illuminator, Rabbula Gospels, the Ascension (fol. 13v), 586 (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence). Public domain.
• Theophanes the Cretan, Saint Justin the Philosopher (fresco), 16th century (Mount Athos). Public domain.
• Titian, Assumption of the Virgin, 1516–1518 (Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, Venice). Public domain.
• Titian, Mater Dolorosa, 1554 (Museo del Prado). Public domain.
• U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Suzanne M. Day, Pope Benedict XVI arriving at Andrews Air Force Base, 2008. Public domain.
• Unknown, Icon of the First Council of Nicaea, 17th c. (Mégalo Metéoron Monastery). Public domain.
• Unknown, Icon of the Seventh Ecumenical Council, 17th c. (Novodevichy Convent, Moscow). Public domain.
• Unknown, The Council in Trullo, from the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible, 16th c.. Public domain.
• Unknown, The First Council of Constantinople, from the Homilies of Gregory of Nazianzus, c. 880 (Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 510). Public domain.
• Unknown engraver, Origen (engraving). Public domain.
• Unknown engraver, Portrait of Cornelius Tacitus (print), 1830 (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam). CC0.
• Unknown engraver, Portrait of Flavius Josephus (print), between 1778 and 1780 (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam). CC0.
• Unknown illuminator, Speculum humanae salvationis, fol. 6, 15th century (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge). Public domain.
• Valentin de Boulogne, Saint Paul Writing His Epistles, c. 1618–1620 (Museum of Fine Arts, Houston). Public domain.
• Vasily Surikov, The Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon, 1876. Public domain.
• White House photographer, Pope John Paul II at the White House, 1979 (Jimmy Carter Library). Public domain.

Portraits

The small portraits on the Succession page are each person's lead picture on the English Wikipedia, taken from Wikimedia Commons where the file is in the public domain or under a Creative Commons Attribution licence, and credited as Commons records them. Where no free picture exists the page shows the person's initials instead.

• Matteo Giovanetti, 01 Clément VI (Fresque de la chapelle Saint-Martial du palais des papes), 14th century. Public domain.
• Gelindu, 1280282369 clement-viii, Taken on 2 February 201713 February 2017, 15:31 (upload date). Public domain.
• Lalupa, 20 - s M Liberatrice mosaici e stemmi - part re P1040942(cropped), 1 October 2014 (c.1908). CC BY 4.0.
• Risorto Celebrano, 40 Innocenzo V(cropped), 27 October 2013. CC BY 3.0.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, 77-Adeodatus II, 7th century. Public domain.
• Unknown medieval illustrator, Adrian IV, servus servorum dei (cropped), between circa 1150 and circa 1200. Public domain.
• Theophanes the Cretan, Agios Gennadios Konstantinoupoleos Dionysiou, 1547. Public domain.
• NerdAssembledy, Alexander II detail, 11th/12th century. CC0.
• Unknown, AmbroseOfMilan (cropped). Public domain.
• Authors of Menologion of Basil II (circa 985 AC, Constantinople), Byzantine manuscript illuminators[1]: Pantoleon with Georgios, Michael the Younger, Michael of Blachernae, Symeon, Symeon of Blachernae, Menas, and Nestor (Online on Vatican site), Amphilochius of Iconium (Menologion of Basil II), 0985. Public domain.
• Manuel Rodríguez y Pérez de Tudela (1866-1926), AnastasiI, 1923. Public domain.
• Giovanni Battista de'Cavalieri, Anastasius IV. Anastasio IV, 1580. CC0.
• Sailko, Andrea di bonaiuto, apoteosi di san tommaso d'aquino, scienze ed arti 12 Dialettica e Pietro Ispano 3 (1), 11 February 2014. CC BY 3.0.
• Virgil Master (illuminator), Antipope-Nicholas V, circa 1410. Public domain.
• Sailko, Arnolfo di cambio, monumento di papa adriano V, post 1276, 05, 2017-07-11 07:59:57. CC BY 3.0.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Athonite Fresco Icon of Saint John of Damascus, 14th-15th Century. Public domain.
• Ondraness, Augustiniánský klášter, Staré Brno, Gelasius I, 2023-06-02 18:16:06. CC0.
• Unknown, Bari Exultet roll 1 - emperors and pope (pope1). Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Basil of Caesarea, 11th century. Public domain.
• Possibly Matthew Paris, Becket bids farewell to the Pope - Becket Leaves (c.1220-1240), f. 1v - BL Loan MS 88 (cropped), between circa 1220 and circa 1240. Public domain.
• tassin et Toustain. Pour le versement et les modifications ː G.Garitan, BenedictIIIbullseal, 1760. Public domain.
• Nicola Perscheid, Benedictus XV, by Nicola Perscheid, 1915 (retouched), 1915. Public domain.
• Giotto, Boniface VIII declaring the Jubilee Year of 1300, 1300. Public domain.
• Tassin et Toustain. G.Garitan pour le versement et les modifications ., Bulle vitaliani 16976, 1760. Public domain.
• Burghers, Michael, Burghers-Pantaenus, 17th century. Public domain.
• Unknown, Calixtus II. Public domain.
• Sano di Pietro, Calixtus III, 1455. Public domain.
• Havang(nl), Carville-Pot-de-Fer (Seine-Mar.) église, statue 03 Saint Hilaire pape, 2019-07-30 09:02:31. CC0.
• Niccolò di Tommaso, Celestine V Castel Nuovo Napoli n02. Public domain.
• unknown artist 250-300 A.D., Rome, Christian in Rome in orante praying position, from the book Die Malereien der Katakomben Roms, plate 88, levels applied 2, between 250 and 300. Public domain.
• Unknown, Clemens I, 1000. Public domain.
• André Thévet, Clement alexandrin, 1584. Public domain.
• Bishop Otto of Freising. Original uploader was Lamré at sv.wikipedia, Clemente III, antipapa (cropped), 21 December 2004 (original upload date). Public domain.
• Sailko, Clemente V cappellone degli Spagnoli, 11 February 2014, 15:28:57. CC BY 3.0.
• Unknown, Codexaureus 17. Public domain.
• Scriptorium of the Lorsch Abbey (Hofschule Karls des Großen), Germany, Codexaureus 21, between circa 810 and circa 815. Public domain.
• Unknown, Codexaureus 23, circa 810. Public domain.
• Peter of Eboli, Coelestin III (cropped 2), 1196. Public domain.
• Horace Kinder Mann, Coin of Pope Romanus, 1902. Public domain.
• Sailko, Cosmati, bonifacio IX inginocchiato, 1390-1410 ca (cropped), Taken on 31 May 2016, 13:05:39. Public domain.
• The original uploader was Bwag at German Wikipedia., Cyprian von Karthago2, 14 September 2006 (original upload date). Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Denarius of Benedict VII, between 974 and 983. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Denarius of John X, between 915 and 924. Public domain.
• Museo Nazionale Romano, Denarius of Sergius III, 905-911. Public domain.
• Lizarazo999, Didymus the blind. Public domain.
• AnonymousUnknown author, Dionisii alek, 18-19 c (?). Public domain.
• Sailko, Domenico di Bartolo, madonna della misericordia, 1444, 06(cropped), 2017-08-21. CC BY 3.0.
• Virgil Master and his atelier, Duke of Anjou leading Pope Gregory XI to the palace at Avignon, while cardinals follow (cropped), 14th century. Public domain.
• Circle of Girolamo Siciolante da Sermoneta, Dutch: Paus Julius III (1478-1555) Pope Julius III (1478-1555), between 1550s and 1600. Public domain.
• After Jan van Scorel, Dutch: Portret van Adriaan Florisz. Boeyens (1459-1523) als paus Adrianus VI Portrait of Pope Adrian VI, Original: presumably between 24 May and 25 May 1523Apparently the Venetian envoy Sanuto Marino writes in his diary that on those dates, a young Dutch painter made two portraits of the Pope.(see link above for source); This version: circa 1625. Public domain.
• http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/de/bke/0047/1v, E-codices bke-0047 001v medium (cropped). Public domain.
• Francisco Herrera the Younger, El papa San León I Magno, 17th century. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Epiphanius-Kosovo, some hundred years. Public domain.
• User:Sailko, Età di paolo I, storie di noè, di giuseppe e cristo in trono tra ss. e padri della chiesa occ.le e or.le, 757-767, 16(cropped), 2016-06-01. CC BY 3.0.
• Sailko, Età di papa Zaccaria, cappella del primicerius Teodoro, Madonna in trono con Theodoto e la moglie, 741-752 (09), Original: 741-752; This version: 1 June 2016, 12:14:42. CC BY 3.0.
• Unknown, the art is from the 6th Century AD, Eusebius of Caesarea Rabbula Gospels Icon, 2005-11-25 18:29:21. Public domain.
• Meister der Reichenauer Schule, Evangeliar Kaiser Ottos III., Szene: Der thronende Herrscher, circa 1000. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Exultet Rolls of Southern Italy, detail of Pope Gregory VII, circa 1087. Public domain.
• Byzantine Institute staff, Fethiye Camii, parekklesion, diakonikon, mosaics, Istanbul, Turkey - South wall, St. Athanasius, detail of upper half, between 1949 and 1963. CC0.
• Bartolomeo Sacchi, detto il Platina (1421-1481), Formoso, 2015-11-05. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Français 2810, fol. 134v, Benoît XII et messagers de Chine (cropped 2), between circa 1410 and circa 1412. Public domain.
• Paul Delaroche, French: Grégoire XVI, pape (1765-1846) Gregory XVI, Pope (1765-1846), 1844. Public domain.
• anonymous, French: Léon XI, pape (1535-1605) Leo XI, Pope (1535-1605), between circa 1605 and circa 1622. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author; Photo taken by Arnaldo Vescovo, Fresco of Pope Callixtus I - Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls (Before 1823), circa 450. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Fresco of Pope Conon before restoration - Palazzo Altieri, circa 1661. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Fresco of Pope Innocent I - Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls (Before 1823), c. 450. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author; Photo taken by Arnaldo Vescovo, Fresco of Pope Lucius I - Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls (Before 1823), circa 450. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Fresco of Pope Lucius II after restoration - Palazzo Altieri, circa 1661. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Fresco of Saint Paul at Ephesus, 6th century. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Fresco of Saint Titos, 13th-15th Century. Public domain.
• Pinturicchio, Freskenzyklus zu Leben und Taten des Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Papst Pius II. in der Dombibliothek zu Siena, Szene: Enea Silvio Piccolomini alias Papst Pius II. trifft in Ancona ein, Detail, 1502-1507. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Gebhard I Bischof von Eichstätt, als Victor II Papst, 11th century. Public domain.
• AnonymousUnknown author, Gelasius-II, circa 1525. Public domain.
• Anthony van Dyck, German: Apostel Judas Thaddäus The Apostle Judas Thaddeus, between circa 1619 and circa 1621. Public domain.
• Attributed to Bartolomeo Passarotti, German: Papst Gregor XIII. Pope Gregory XIII, circa 1586. Public domain.
• Giac Master, GiacMaster Clement VII, 15th century. Public domain.
• Original uploaded by: Museodellacittacquapendente, Giovanni Domenico Porta – Ritratto di papa Clemente XIV (c. 1770), Original: Taken on 21 August 2020, 14:17; This version: 23 August 2020 (upload date). Public domain.
• Justus van Gent / Pedro Berruguete, Gregorio Incaelum Relato, between circa 1473 and circa 1476. Public domain.
• Gregorius VIII, pope (-1187) (depicted), Gregorius VIII, PA05322, {Unknown}. Public domain.
• AnonymousUnknown author, Gregory of Nyssa, 14th century. Public domain.
• British Library, Gregory the Great with the Holy Spirit, 1st quarter of the 12th century. CC0.
• Eccekevin (talk), Gregory X, Buffalmacco, Arezzo Cathedral, Taken on 13 June 2021, 02:11 (UTC). Public domain.
• Fulda, Gregory-IV (cropped), between 831 and 840. Public domain.
• Cornelis Galle the Elder, H. Augustinus met brandend hart Titelpagina voor Cornelius Jansenius, Augustinus, Leuven, 1640, RP-P-OB-6932(cropped), 1640. CC0.
• Cornelis Galle the Elder, H. Augustinus met brandend hart Titelpagina voor Cornelius Jansenius, Augustinus, Leuven, 1640, RP-P-OB-6932(cropped2), 1640. CC0.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Henry II crowned Holy Roman Emperor, between 1400 and 1410. Public domain.
• Richard de Montbaston et collaborateurs., Hilaryofpoitiers, 14th century; Vie de saintes. Public domain.
• Pietro Facchetti, His Holiness Pope Sixtus V Pietro Fachetti, 16th century. Public domain.
• Kirchenfan, Hornburg Clemens Grundstein, 2016-05-16 09:55:49. CC0.
• AnonymousUnknown author, Hosios Loukas (diakonikon, arch) - Dionysius Areopagite, early 11th century Byzantine. Public domain.
• AnonymousUnknown author, Hosios Loukas (south west chapel, south side) - Ignatios, Byzantine. Public domain.
• Bocachete, HyginosI, 2006-05. Public domain.
• Unknown, Icon of Pope Miltiades. Public domain.
• Sailko, Innocent VI, 2014-02-11 15:38:39. Public domain.
• Possibly Agostino Masucci, InnocientXIII, circa 1722. Public domain.
• De Agostini Editore, Ioannes XXIII, by De Agostini, 1958–1963, between 28 October 1958 and 3 June 1963. Public domain.
• Adolphe Braun, Italian: Papa Pio IX Pope Pius IX, 13 May 1875. Public domain.
• Attributed to Pedro Berruguete, Italian: Ritratto di Alessandro VI (Borgia, 1492-1503) Portrait of Alexander VI (Borgia, 1492-1503), 1495. Public domain.
• Diego Velázquez, Italian: Ritratto di Innocenzo X Portrait of Innocent X, from 1649 until 1650. Public domain.
• Titian, Italian: Ritratto di Paolo III Portrait of Pope Paul III, 1543. Public domain.
• anonymous / After Hieronymus Wierix, Italian: Ritratto di papa Innocenzo IX Portrait of Pope Innocent IX, early 17th century. Public domain.
• Venetian school / After Pisanello, Italian: Ritratto di papa Martino VPortrait of Pope Martin V (1368-1431), 15th century. Public domain.
• Manner of Jacopino del Conte, Italian: Ritratto di papa Paolo IV Carafa Portrait of Pope Paul IV Carafa, between circa 1556 and circa 1560. Public domain.
• Attributed to Caravaggio, Italian: Ritratto di papa Paolo V Portrait of Pope Paul V, between circa 1605 and circa 1606. Public domain.
• Clemente Alberi, Italian: Ritratto di papa Pio VIII Portrait of Pope Pius VIII, between 31 March 1829 and 30 November 1830. Public domain.
• Jacopino del Conte, Italian: Ritratto di Urbano VII Portrait of Urban VII, 1590. Public domain.
• Pietro da Cortona, Italian: Ritratto di Urbano VIII Portrait of Pope Urban VIII, between circa 1624 and circa 1627. Public domain.
• AnonymousUnknown author, Jan-VIII, 14th century. Public domain.
• Unknown century 14th, Jean XXII 1316, 2011-07-06 19:32:56. Public domain.
• Ulrich of Richenthal, Johannes XXIII. Gegenpapst 2, 1430. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, John Cassian, Unknown date. Public domain.
• Unknown, Johnchrysostom. Public domain.
• Vincent de Beauvais, Laurentius antipope, 1259. Public domain.
• Unknown, Leon IX. Public domain.
• Sailko, Lorenzo maitani (attr.), monumento di benedetto XI, 1305 circa, 05(rotated)(cropped), 1 August 2016. CC BY 3.0.
• Probably Peter of Eboli, Lucius-III, circa 1196. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Martin IV, 14th century. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Martyrdom of pope Marcellinus, 06/10/2008. Public domain.
• Authors of Menologion of Basil II (circa 985 AC, Constantinople), Byzantine manuscript illuminators[1]: Pantoleon with Georgios, Michael the Younger, Michael of Blachernae, Symeon, Symeon of Blachernae, Menas, and Nestor (Online on Vatican site), Menologion of Basil II - Patrobulus, Hermas, Linus, Caius, Philologus of 70 disciples (Portrait of Linus), 10-11 century. Public domain.
• Leonardo Todisco Grande Memoria dell' antichitá Traduzione Antoni Silba Napoli 1853, Monetadiagapitoiiconalberico, 1853. Public domain.
• AnonymousUnknown author, Mor Ephrem icon, Unknown date. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author., Mosaic of Pope Felix IV (III)., The mosaic was heavily restored afterwards.. Public domain.
• Michel Wolgemut, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff (Hartmann Schedel, editor), Nuremberg Chronicle f 235v 1 Innocentius VII, 1493. Public domain.
• Michel Wolgemut, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff (Hartmann Schedel, editor), Nuremberg Chronicle f 235v 3 Alexander V, 1493. Public domain.
• Michel Wolgemut, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff (Hartmann Schedel, editor), Nuremberg Chronicle f 242v 2 Felix V, 1493. Public domain.
• Unknown, Origen3. Public domain.
• Unknown, Otto I begegnet Papst Johannes XII (cropped). Public domain.
• Unknown, Otto III wird von Papst Gregor V. zum Kaiser gesalbt. Public domain.
• Authors of Menologion of Basil II (circa 985 AC, Constantinople), Byzantine manuscript illuminators[1]: Pantoleon with Georgios, Michael the Younger, Michael of Blachernae, Symeon, Symeon of Blachernae, Menas, and Nestor (Online on Vatican site), Pamphilus of Caesarea, 1- century. Public domain.
• Giuseppe Franco, Papa Bonifacio IV, 17th century. Public domain.
• Unidentified painter, Papa Giovanni IV, Unknown date, probably circa 17th century. Public domain.
• Braun et Compagnie, Papa Leone XIII (3x4 cropped), Taken on 11 April 1878. Public domain.
• roman painter, Papa Urbano VII (Pope Urban VII), 1590s. Public domain.
• Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, Pape Etienne II (cropped), Taken on 30 December 2008. Public domain.
• Michel Wolgemut, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff (Text: Hartmann Schedel), Papias, 1493. Public domain.
• Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo, Patrician John Reveals his Dream to Pope Liberius, 1665. Public domain.
• Anefo, Paus Johannes Paulus I (Bestanddeelnr 929-9074) (cropped), Taken on 19 September 1978. CC0.
• Unknown, Pedro Alfonso. Public domain.
• Georgios Foukas, Peter of Alexandria, 1547. Public domain.
• Pietro Perugino, Pietro Perugino – Anterus, circa 1481. Public domain.
• Nicola Perscheid, Pius XI, by Nicola Perscheid, circa 1922 (retouched), circa 1922. Public domain.
• Michael Pitcairn, Pius XII with tabard, by Michael Pitcairn, 1951 (retouched), circa 1951. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, PiusIII, Unknown date (sitter died 1503). Public domain.
• PravoslavnyChristianin, Polycarp of Smyrna2, 2010-09-07. CC0.
• Authors of Menologion of Basil II (circa 985 AC, Constantinople), Byzantine manuscript illuminators[1]: Pantoleon with Georgios, Michael the Younger, Michael of Blachernae, Symeon, Symeon of Blachernae, Menas, and Nestor (Online on Vatican site), Pope Agatho (Menologion of Basil II) - cropped, 0985. Public domain.
• Unidentified painter, Pope Alexander VIII (1610-1691), 17th century. Public domain.
• Pierre Subleyras, Pope Benedict XIV (Prospero Lambertini, 1675–1758), 1746. Public domain.
• User:Polylerus, Pope Caius, January of 2008. CC0.
• Sebastiano del Piombo, Pope Clement VII, 1531. Public domain.
• Giovanni Battista Gaulli, Pope Clement X (1590–1676), between circa 1670 and circa 1671. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Pope Damasus - Biblia Sancti Martialis Lemovicensis, Folio 4v, 11th century. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Pope Dionysius, Unknown date??. Public domain.
• Guercino, Pope Gregory XV, 1622. Public domain.
• Hegesandros, Pope Honorious III kneeling at feet of Christ, 2010-05-15 11:07:49. CC0.
• Carlo Raso, Pope Innocent III (Monastery of Subiaco), 2016-06-22 10:39:33. Public domain.
• Artaud de Montor (1772–1849), Pope John VI, 2013-06-09 06:25:08. Public domain.
• Artaud de Montor (1772–1849), Pope John XVI, 2013-06-12 14:07:02. Public domain.
• Various: Original: Unknown authorUnknown author Restoration: Ferdinando Fuga (1743), Pope Leo III portrait – Triclinium Leoninum, between 798 and 799. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Pope Paschal-II 1107, 14th century. Public domain.
• Unknown, Pope Paschalis I, circa 822. Public domain.
• Fotografia Felici, Pope Paul VI 1969 Portrait (4x5 cropped), early 1969. Public domain.
• Pietro Perugino, Pope Pius I, circa 1481-1483. Public domain.
• Ernest Walter Histed, Pope Pius X (Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto), before 20 August 1914. Public domain.
• Sandro Botticelli, Pope Saint Evaristus (by Sandro Botticelli) – Sistine Chapel (1481), 1481. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Pope Symmachus – apse mosaic of Sant'Agnese fuori le mura, 7th-century. Public domain.
• it:Utente:Riccardov, Pope Urban 6, 2006-09-05. Public domain.
• Raphael, Pope Urban I between Iustitia and Caritas, between 1520 and 1524. Public domain.
• Unknown, PopeFelixI, Unknown date. Public domain.
• PalauanLibertarian, PopeLeoIV (cropped), 2024-06-21 17:19:32. CC BY 4.0.
• Antonio Zanchi, Portrait of Innocent XII, Pope, late 16th century. Public domain.
• Jacob Ferdinand Voet, Portrait of Innocenzo XI Odescalchi, fourth quarter of 17th century. Public domain.
• Workshop of Italian art schools of the Renaissance, Portrait of Marcellus II, 16th century. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Portrait of Paolo II, between circa 1521 and circa 1552. Public domain.
• Giovanni Battista Gaulli, Portrait of Pope Alexander VII, 17th-century. Public domain.
• Unidentified painter, Portrait of Pope Benedict XIII Orsini, mid 18th century. Public domain.
• After Pier Leone Ghezzi, Portrait of Pope Clement XI, 18th century. Public domain.
• Agostino Masucci, Portrait of Pope Clement XII, seated, between circa 1730 and circa 1731. Public domain.
• Anton Raphael Mengs, Portrait of Pope Clement XIII, 1760. Public domain.
• Raphael, Portrait of Pope Julius II, 1511. Public domain.
• Charles Picqué, Portrait of Pope Leo XII, 1828. Public domain.
• Peter Paul Rubens, Portrait of pope Nicholas V, between 1612 and 1616. Public domain.
• Circle of Scipione Pulzone, Portrait of Pope Pius IV, three-quarter-length, seated at a draped table (Circle of Scipione Pulzone), 1560s. Public domain.
• Bartolomeo Passarotti and workshop, Portrait of Pope Pius V, circa 1566. Public domain.
• Pompeo Batoni, Portrait of Pope Pius VI, Giovanni Angelo Braschi (1717-1799), 1775. Public domain.
• Thomas Lawrence, Portrait of Pope Pius VII, 1819. Public domain.
• Pedro Berruguete, Portrait of Pope Sixtus IV della Rovere, between circa 1476 and circa 1482. CC0.
• Byzantinischer Mosaizist um 705, Porträt des Papstes Johannes VII. als Stifter mit Kirchenmodell, Fragment, 705-707. Public domain.
• Rijksmuseum, Portret van paus Felix III (IV), RP-P-1874-12-111-1, between 1549 and 1573. CC0.
• Fulda, Raban-Maur Alcuin Otgar. Public domain.
• Fulda, Raban-Maur Alcuin Otgar. Public domain.
• Francesco Bini, Raffaello, ritratto di papa leone X tra i cardinali luigi de' rossi e giulio de' medici, 1518, 03, 2022-01-19 12:13:46. Public domain.
• Many, Rivista italiana di numismatica 1891 p 189, 1891. Public domain.
• Tassin et Toustain. G.Garitan pour le versement et les modifications ., Robert abbaye COlombs Benoist IX 17002, 1760. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Robert Guiscard claimed as a Duke (Detail of Nicholas II), 14th century. Public domain.
• antmoose, Roma-sanmarcelloalcorso2, 2005-11-11. CC BY 2.0.
• Carlo Maratta, Russian: «Портрет папы Климента IX (1600-1669) »Portrait of Pope Clement IX (1600-1669), 1669. Public domain.
• Jacques Callot, S. Simplice, pape (St. Simplicius, Pope), March 2nd, from Les Images De Tous Les Saincts et Saintes de L'Année (Images of All of the Saints and Religious Events of the Year), 1636. CC0.
• Philippe de Champaigne, Saint Augustine Alternative title: Saint Augustin, between circa 1645 and circa 1650. Public domain.
• AnonymousUnknown author, Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, 14th century. Public domain.
• Lucien Bégule, Saint irenee saint irenee, 2010-06-06. Public domain.
• Unknown, Saint James the Just. Public domain.
• Theophanes the Cretan, Saint Justin Martyr by Theophanes the Cretan, between 1545 and 1546. Public domain.
• Dvillafruela, Saint Maixent l'École-Abbatiale Saint Maixent-Vitraux du choeur-20110307(Agapetus crop), 27 March 2011. CC0.
• Spiritia, Saint Modestus 1851 Zidarovo, 20 November 2020 (according to Exif data). CC0.
• School of Guercino, Saint Peter Chrysologus, 17th century. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Saint Peter-Sinai (6th Century) Crop, early 6th century. Public domain.
• Carlo Crivelli, Saint Thomas Aquinas, 1476. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Saint Timothy. Public domain.
• Giovanni di Paolo, Saints Fabian and Sebastian, 1475. Public domain.
• Juan Rexach, San Pedro de Pontifical, Original: 15th century; This version: Taken on 10 February 2020, 13:41:07. Public domain.
• Tassin & Toustain. pour le versement et les modifications ː G.Garitan, SCeau Deusdedit pape 17108, 1759. Public domain.
• Tassin & Toustain. pour le versement et les modifications ː G.Garitan, SCeau Paul I pape 17109 (cropped), 1759. Public domain.
• Franz George Hermann/Andreas Praefcke, Schussenried Kloster Deckengemälde Treppenhaus 2 detail02(cropped), Before 1768. CC0.
• Sailko, Scuola romana, affreschi del sancta sanctorum, 1280 ca., Niccolò III dona la chiesa ai ss. pietro e paolo 03 (cropped), 31 May 2016, 12:09:59. CC BY 3.0.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Sevarios of Antioch, 2012-01-25. Public domain.
• Sailko, Simone dei crocifissi, urbano V, 1375 ca., forse dalla cattedrale di s. pietro 01 (cropped), 2014-04-29 11:35:51. Public domain.
• Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Spanish: San Isidoro de Sevilla Saint Isidor of Sevilla, 1655. Public domain.
• French anonymous, SpeculumGrandmontis (Pope Clement III), 13th century. Public domain.
• Spinello Aretino, Spinello Election of Antipope Paschal, 14th century. Public domain.
• Peter Paul Rubens, St James the Apostle, between 1612 and 1613. Public domain.
• John Salmon, St Nicholas, Great Wakering - Stained glass window - geograph.org.uk - 3916715(cropped), 3 April 2014. CC BY 2.0.
• Spinello Aretino, St Pontianus (wing of a polyptych), between 1383 and 1384. Public domain.
• Peter Paul Rubens, St. Andrew, circa 1611. Public domain.
• Master of the Altarpiece of Santa Auta, St. Auta Altarpiece, 15th century. Public domain.
• Peter Paul Rubens, St. Bartolomew, circa 1611. Public domain.
• Peter Paul Rubens, St. Matthias, circa 1611. Public domain.
• Peter Paul Rubens, St. Philip, circa 1611. Public domain.
• Peter Paul Rubens, St. Simon, circa 1611. Public domain.
• Sailko, Taddeo di bartolo, s. tommaso d'aquino presenta la sua liturgia del corpus christi a urbano IV, 1403 ca. (cropped2), 1403. CC BY 3.0.
• André Thevet, Tertullian2, 1584. Public domain.
• Peter Paul Rubens, The Apostle Saint John Evangelista, between 1610 and 1612. Public domain.
• AnonymousUnknown author, The Council of Lyons excommunicating Frederic II (cropped), 13th century. Public domain.
• Workshop of Rogier van der Weyden (Netherlandish, 1399/1400 - 1464) (1399 - 1464) – artist (Netherlandish) Details on Google Art Project, The Dream of Pope Sergius, late 1430s. Public domain.
• Matthias Stom, The penitent Saint Jerome in his Study, first half of 17th century. Public domain.
• AnonymousUnknown author, Theophylact the Bulgarian, 17th century. Public domain.
• Richard Mortel, Thomas the Apostle. Detail of the mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale. Ravena, Italy, Taken on 4 July 2019, 12:12:10. CC BY 2.0.
• AnonymousUnknown author, Ukrainian: Григорій Чудотворець (Ермітаж), 14th century. Public domain.
• AnonymousUnknown author, Urban2 lat, 1331. Public domain.
• Unknown authorUnknown author, Urbano II in consacrazione de l'altare del monastero di Cluny (detail) (crop), between late 12th century and early 13th century. Public domain.
• Unknown, Victor III. - Desiderius of Montecassino. Public domain.

Passages

A passage is reproduced in full only when its translation is in the public domain or under a Creative Commons licence. Where the only available translation is under copyright, the entry keeps the short quotation cited in the source and links to the full text.