Jewish sourcewritten 1st–7th c. AD from older synagogue traditions

Targums

Who

Aramaic translations and paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible, read aloud in synagogues after Hebrew ceased to be the everyday language. They often expand the text with interpretation, and so preserve how ancient Jews understood it. Their exact dates are debated, which Pitre acknowledges.

What Pitre quotes

Targum Neofiti on Genesis 3:15 — the woman's sons will 'make appeasement in the end, in the day of King Messiah' — the protoevangelium read messianically (p 27)
Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 3:15 — the same messianic reading, 'in the days of the King Messiah,' in Etheridge's public-domain translation (a parallel Pitre does not cite) (p 27)
Targum Isaiah 66:7–8 — 'her king will be revealed' — the painless birth read of the Messiah (p 121)
Targum on Micah 5:1–3 — the ruler from Bethlehem and the birth pangs before his coming (p 123)

Connections

Cited by · 7

ArgumentWhat counts as evidence — the Jewish sources outside the Bible and why Pitre uses later texts
(pp 17, 168)
ArgumentMary as the New Eve — the founding text and its logic.
Neofiti on Genesis 3:15, 'in the day of King Messiah' (p 27)
ArgumentThe Protoevangelium is Jewish soil — 1 Enoch and Targum Neofiti on Genesis 3:15
Targum Neofiti on Genesis 3:15 (p 27); the same reading in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 3:15, in Etheridge's public-domain translation
ArgumentThe prophets who foretell the Mother of the Messiah.
Targum Isaiah 66:7–8; Targum on Micah 5 (pp 121, 123)
ArgumentIsaiah 66 is a new-creation oracle — woman or Zion? — and three Jewish texts on the painless birth
Targum Isaiah 66:7–8 (p 121)
ArgumentMicah's three points, and the rabbis who wanted to miss the Messiah
Targum on Micah 5:1–3 (p 123)
ArgumentThe Jewish 'birth pangs of the Messiah.'
Targum on Micah 5:1–3 (p 123)

Passages · 4

PassageTargum Isaiah — 66.7–8
'her king will be revealed' — the painless birth read of the Messiah (p 121)
PassageTargum Neofiti — on Genesis 3.15
the woman's sons will 'make appeasement in the end, in the day of King Messiah' — the protoevangelium read messianically (p 27)
PassageTargum on Micah — 5.1–3
the ruler from Bethlehem and the birth pangs before his coming (p 123)
PassageTargum Pseudo-Jonathan — on Genesis 3.15
the same messianic reading, 'in the days of the King Messiah,' in Etheridge's public-domain translation (a parallel Pitre does not cite) (p 27)

Verses discussed · 3

Referenced by · 3

Authority1 Enoch
AuthorityMidrash Rabbah
AuthoritySeptuagint

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